NFDN 1002 PRACTICE 2026 STUDY GUIDE
COMPLETE NURSING FOUNDATIONS AND
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
◉ Characteristics of urine. Answer: Color: Pale-straw to amber color
Clarity: Transparent unless pathology is present
Odor: Ammonia in nature
◉ Urine testing. Answer: Specimen collection
◉ How does age affect elimination. Answer: -decreased ability to
concentrate urine
-decreased bladder muscle tone
-decreased bladder contractility
-neuromuscular; degenerative joint problems; thought processes;
weakness
-male prostate increase in size
◉ Factors influencing elimination. Answer: -cultural and
psychosocial
-lifestyle
,-body fluid loss (diarrhea, vomiting, sweating, wound drainage,
burns, blood loss)
-muscle tone (abdominal and pelvic floor muscles, immobility,
obesity, multiple pregnancies)
-indwelling catheter (loss of bladder tone)
-UTIs, diabetes, kidney stones, arthritis, Parkinson's disease, shock,
hypertension
-medications (diuretics, narcotics)
◉ Dysuria. Answer: painful urination
◉ Polyuria. Answer: Voiding large amounts of urine
◉ Oliguria. Answer: Decreased urine output
◉ Hematuria. Answer: blood in the urine
◉ Culture urine specimen. Answer: urine is collected to assess which
bacteria organism is present
◉ Sensitivity urine specimen. Answer: Determines what antibiotic
the bacteria is sensitive to
,◉ Cystoscopy. Answer: -invasive procedure
-visualize bladder and urethra
-commonly performed (with general anaesthesia or conscious
sedation)
◉ Barium swallow. Answer: -test that may be used to determine the
cause of painful swallowing, difficulty swallowing, abdominal pain,
blood stained vomit, or unexplained weightloss
-a chemical compound that shows up on x-rays and is used to help
see abnormalities int he esophagus and stomach
◉ Barium enema. Answer: -an x-ray exam that can detect changes or
abnormalities in the large intestine (colon)
-the procedure is also called a colon x-ray
-it is the injection of a liquid into your rectum via a small tube
◉ indwelling catheter. Answer: -drains urine from the bladder into a
bag
-has an inflated balloon
◉ Common reasons for indwelling catheter use. Answer:
incontinence
urinary retention
surgery
, ◉ intermittent catheter. Answer: short-term catheter, inserted as
needed several times a day to drain urine from the bladder
◉ Coude catheter tip. Answer: angled tip
◉ suprapubic catheter. Answer: surgically placed through abdominal
wall into bladder
◉ Condom catheter. Answer: -non indwelling
-low risk for infection
-aids in controlling incontinence
-controls odour
◉ what is required for catheter care. Answer: -pre catheter insertion
-routine perineal care
-institution specific- catheter care TID
-after BMS/Bowel incontinence
-recommend high fluid intake
◉ factors that affect bowel elimination. Answer: -age related
changes
COMPLETE NURSING FOUNDATIONS AND
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
◉ Characteristics of urine. Answer: Color: Pale-straw to amber color
Clarity: Transparent unless pathology is present
Odor: Ammonia in nature
◉ Urine testing. Answer: Specimen collection
◉ How does age affect elimination. Answer: -decreased ability to
concentrate urine
-decreased bladder muscle tone
-decreased bladder contractility
-neuromuscular; degenerative joint problems; thought processes;
weakness
-male prostate increase in size
◉ Factors influencing elimination. Answer: -cultural and
psychosocial
-lifestyle
,-body fluid loss (diarrhea, vomiting, sweating, wound drainage,
burns, blood loss)
-muscle tone (abdominal and pelvic floor muscles, immobility,
obesity, multiple pregnancies)
-indwelling catheter (loss of bladder tone)
-UTIs, diabetes, kidney stones, arthritis, Parkinson's disease, shock,
hypertension
-medications (diuretics, narcotics)
◉ Dysuria. Answer: painful urination
◉ Polyuria. Answer: Voiding large amounts of urine
◉ Oliguria. Answer: Decreased urine output
◉ Hematuria. Answer: blood in the urine
◉ Culture urine specimen. Answer: urine is collected to assess which
bacteria organism is present
◉ Sensitivity urine specimen. Answer: Determines what antibiotic
the bacteria is sensitive to
,◉ Cystoscopy. Answer: -invasive procedure
-visualize bladder and urethra
-commonly performed (with general anaesthesia or conscious
sedation)
◉ Barium swallow. Answer: -test that may be used to determine the
cause of painful swallowing, difficulty swallowing, abdominal pain,
blood stained vomit, or unexplained weightloss
-a chemical compound that shows up on x-rays and is used to help
see abnormalities int he esophagus and stomach
◉ Barium enema. Answer: -an x-ray exam that can detect changes or
abnormalities in the large intestine (colon)
-the procedure is also called a colon x-ray
-it is the injection of a liquid into your rectum via a small tube
◉ indwelling catheter. Answer: -drains urine from the bladder into a
bag
-has an inflated balloon
◉ Common reasons for indwelling catheter use. Answer:
incontinence
urinary retention
surgery
, ◉ intermittent catheter. Answer: short-term catheter, inserted as
needed several times a day to drain urine from the bladder
◉ Coude catheter tip. Answer: angled tip
◉ suprapubic catheter. Answer: surgically placed through abdominal
wall into bladder
◉ Condom catheter. Answer: -non indwelling
-low risk for infection
-aids in controlling incontinence
-controls odour
◉ what is required for catheter care. Answer: -pre catheter insertion
-routine perineal care
-institution specific- catheter care TID
-after BMS/Bowel incontinence
-recommend high fluid intake
◉ factors that affect bowel elimination. Answer: -age related
changes
