ANTH 311 - Final Review Exam Study Guide
3 General Groups of nonhuman Primates - ANSWER 1. Prosimians
2. Monkeys
3. Apes
Homologous Traits - ANSWER features that are inherited from a common
ancestor
Analogous Traits - ANSWER Features that are produced because of
environmental constraints, not from a common ancestor
Primitive Traits - ANSWER a trait that has not changed from an ancestral state
Derived Traits - ANSWER Newly evolved features that do not appear in the
fossils of common ancestors
The Primate Pattern - ANSWER General tendencies expressed by all primates
Current focus of primate study - ANSWER Behavioural Ecology
Taxonomy order - ANSWER Order, Sub-order, infraorder, superfamily, family,
subfamily, genus, species
New World Primates - ANSWER Primates found in South America
Old World Primates - ANSWER Primates from in Africa and Asia
4 Groups of Primate Characteristics - ANSWER 1. Grasping Hands
2. Visual System
3. Large Complex Brains
4. Skeletal and Dental Features
Arboreal Theory - ANSWER Primate pattern represents an adaption to an
arboreal habitat
Suborder of Primates - ANSWER 1. Prosimii
2. Anthropoidea
Infraorder of Prosimii - ANSWER 1. Lorisiformes
2. Tarisiformes
3. Lemuriformes
Infraorder of Anthropoidea - ANSWER 1. Platyrrhini (NWM)
,2. Catarrhini (OWM, Apes, Humans)
Superfamily of Platyrrhini - ANSWER Ceboidea (NWM)
Superfamily of Catarrhini - ANSWER 1. Cercopithecoidea (OWM)
2. Hominoidea (Apes, Humans)
Family of Ceboidea - ANSWER 1. Callitrichidae (Marmosets, Tamarins)
2. Atelidae (Howlers, Spider Monkeys, Muriquis)
3. Cebidae (Squirrel, Owl, Capuchin)
Family of Cercopithecoidea - ANSWER Cercopithecidae (OWM)
Family of Hominoidea - ANSWER 1. Hylobatidae (Gibbons, Siamangs)
2. Pongidae (Apes)
3. Hominidae (Humans)
Subfamily of Cercopithecidae - ANSWER 1. Cercopithcinae (baboons,
macaques, guenons)
2. Colobinae (Colobus species, langurs)
Genus of Pongidae - ANSWER 1. Pongo
2. Gorilla
3. Pan
Genus of Hominidae - ANSWER Homo
Prosimian Characteristics - ANSWER 1. Large Eyes
2. OWM
3. Mostly Nocturnal
4. Independently mobile ear
6. Immobile upper lip
7. Inexpressive face
Lemuriformes Characteristics - ANSWER - Madagascar
- Nocturnal and diurnal
- some of the smallest primates
Anthropoidea Characteristics - ANSWER 1. Diurnal
2. reduced sense of smell
Traits of NWMs - ANSWER - All have tails
- Some Prehensile tails
- Arboreal
- Smaller than OWM
, Cercopithecoidea Characteristics: - ANSWER - Found in Old World
- Diurnal
- Single Births
- Bigger than NVM
- Sexually Dimorphic
Ischial callosities - ANSWER Thick calluses for sitting
Hominoidea Characteristics: - ANSWER - No tail
- Larger size and weight
- Larger brain to body weight ratio
- Longer gestation and maturation
Orangutan Characteristics - ANSWER - Asian Great ape
- Solitary
- Arboreal
- Frugivore
- Quadrumanual locomotion
Gorilla Characteristics - ANSWER - African
- Folivore/Frugivore
- Prominent Saggital
- Nuchal crests
Chimpanzee Characteristics - ANSWER - African
- Makes tools
- Terrestrial & Arboreal
- Omnivores
Proximate level - ANSWER 1. What are the immediate mechanisms governing the
behavior?
2. What are the developmental influences on the behavior? (hormonal and social
experiences make certain partners attractive)
Ultimate Level - ANSWER 3. What is the adaptive function of the behavior? (sex =
adaptive solution to problem of reproducing)
4. What is the evolutionary history of the behavior? (sex has arisen from asexual
ancestors multiple times)
Evolution Definition: - ANSWER Change over time
Microevolution Definition: - ANSWER Change from generation to generation
Macroevolution Definition: - ANSWER Change over many generations, and the
appearance of new species
3 General Groups of nonhuman Primates - ANSWER 1. Prosimians
2. Monkeys
3. Apes
Homologous Traits - ANSWER features that are inherited from a common
ancestor
Analogous Traits - ANSWER Features that are produced because of
environmental constraints, not from a common ancestor
Primitive Traits - ANSWER a trait that has not changed from an ancestral state
Derived Traits - ANSWER Newly evolved features that do not appear in the
fossils of common ancestors
The Primate Pattern - ANSWER General tendencies expressed by all primates
Current focus of primate study - ANSWER Behavioural Ecology
Taxonomy order - ANSWER Order, Sub-order, infraorder, superfamily, family,
subfamily, genus, species
New World Primates - ANSWER Primates found in South America
Old World Primates - ANSWER Primates from in Africa and Asia
4 Groups of Primate Characteristics - ANSWER 1. Grasping Hands
2. Visual System
3. Large Complex Brains
4. Skeletal and Dental Features
Arboreal Theory - ANSWER Primate pattern represents an adaption to an
arboreal habitat
Suborder of Primates - ANSWER 1. Prosimii
2. Anthropoidea
Infraorder of Prosimii - ANSWER 1. Lorisiformes
2. Tarisiformes
3. Lemuriformes
Infraorder of Anthropoidea - ANSWER 1. Platyrrhini (NWM)
,2. Catarrhini (OWM, Apes, Humans)
Superfamily of Platyrrhini - ANSWER Ceboidea (NWM)
Superfamily of Catarrhini - ANSWER 1. Cercopithecoidea (OWM)
2. Hominoidea (Apes, Humans)
Family of Ceboidea - ANSWER 1. Callitrichidae (Marmosets, Tamarins)
2. Atelidae (Howlers, Spider Monkeys, Muriquis)
3. Cebidae (Squirrel, Owl, Capuchin)
Family of Cercopithecoidea - ANSWER Cercopithecidae (OWM)
Family of Hominoidea - ANSWER 1. Hylobatidae (Gibbons, Siamangs)
2. Pongidae (Apes)
3. Hominidae (Humans)
Subfamily of Cercopithecidae - ANSWER 1. Cercopithcinae (baboons,
macaques, guenons)
2. Colobinae (Colobus species, langurs)
Genus of Pongidae - ANSWER 1. Pongo
2. Gorilla
3. Pan
Genus of Hominidae - ANSWER Homo
Prosimian Characteristics - ANSWER 1. Large Eyes
2. OWM
3. Mostly Nocturnal
4. Independently mobile ear
6. Immobile upper lip
7. Inexpressive face
Lemuriformes Characteristics - ANSWER - Madagascar
- Nocturnal and diurnal
- some of the smallest primates
Anthropoidea Characteristics - ANSWER 1. Diurnal
2. reduced sense of smell
Traits of NWMs - ANSWER - All have tails
- Some Prehensile tails
- Arboreal
- Smaller than OWM
, Cercopithecoidea Characteristics: - ANSWER - Found in Old World
- Diurnal
- Single Births
- Bigger than NVM
- Sexually Dimorphic
Ischial callosities - ANSWER Thick calluses for sitting
Hominoidea Characteristics: - ANSWER - No tail
- Larger size and weight
- Larger brain to body weight ratio
- Longer gestation and maturation
Orangutan Characteristics - ANSWER - Asian Great ape
- Solitary
- Arboreal
- Frugivore
- Quadrumanual locomotion
Gorilla Characteristics - ANSWER - African
- Folivore/Frugivore
- Prominent Saggital
- Nuchal crests
Chimpanzee Characteristics - ANSWER - African
- Makes tools
- Terrestrial & Arboreal
- Omnivores
Proximate level - ANSWER 1. What are the immediate mechanisms governing the
behavior?
2. What are the developmental influences on the behavior? (hormonal and social
experiences make certain partners attractive)
Ultimate Level - ANSWER 3. What is the adaptive function of the behavior? (sex =
adaptive solution to problem of reproducing)
4. What is the evolutionary history of the behavior? (sex has arisen from asexual
ancestors multiple times)
Evolution Definition: - ANSWER Change over time
Microevolution Definition: - ANSWER Change from generation to generation
Macroevolution Definition: - ANSWER Change over many generations, and the
appearance of new species
