lOMoARcPSD|62982272
nr507-final-exam-study-guide-key-concepts-in-disorders_removed.pdf
nr507-final-exam-study-guide-key-concepts-in-disorders_removed.pdf
nr507-final-exam-study-guide-key-concepts-in-disorders_removed.pdf
FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Concepts:
Genitourinary disorders
Gastrointestinal disorders
Neurobiological disorders
Endocrine disorders
Neurodegenerative disorders
Demyelinating diseases
Convulsions
Headache syndromes
Cranial nerve disorders
Central nervous system inflammation
Central nervous system ischemia
Dermatologic conditions
GENITOURINARY DISORDERS
Acute Renal Failure
o Reversible
o Prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output= kidneys are functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis
o Pathophysiology
Bacterial colonization
Adherence and invasion
Inflammation and immune response
Renal injury and complications (upper urinary system)
o Assessment
Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis;
pyelonephritis involves the upper tract and cystitis involves the lower tract.
Flank pain, abdominal tenderness, and fever. Systemic signs, such as high fever, chills,
and tachycardia, may suggest severe infection.
o Diagnosis
Urinalysis: Positive urine culture with significant bacteriuria (>10^5 CFU/mL) and the
presence of pyuria (≥10 white blood cells per high-power field) on urinalysis. WBC casts
indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present
CBC: Complete blood count (CBC) elevated white blood cell count =infection.
Imaging studies: renal ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) scan, can help identify
structural abnormalities and complications like abscess formation or obstruction.
Renal Calculi
o Pathophysiology
Supersaturation: urine becomes oversaturate with certain substances like calcium
Nucleation: crystals act as nucleation sites, where further crystal deposition can occur.
Downloaded by elizabeth moses ()
nr507-final-exam-study-guide-key-concepts-in-disorders_removed.pdf
nr507-final-exam-study-guide-key-concepts-in-disorders_removed.pdf
nr507-final-exam-study-guide-key-concepts-in-disorders_removed.pdf
, lOMoARcPSD|62982272
nr507-final-exam-study-guide-key-concepts-in-disorders_removed.pdf
nr507-final-exam-study-guide-key-concepts-in-disorders_removed.pdf
nr507-final-exam-study-guide-key-concepts-in-disorders_removed.pdf
Crystal retention: urinary stasis or inadequate urine flow allows crystals to remain in the
urinary tract
Stone growth and composition: overtime, crystals accumulate and grow into stones.
o Assessment
Medical history: identify risk
Physical exam: flank or abdominal pain; costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness;
hematuria
Imaging studies: crucial for assessing the presence, size, location and composition of
the stones- CT scan, renal ultrasound or x-ray
Lab tests: urinalysis (blood, crystals or infection); blood tests evaluate renal function and
identify metabolic abnormalities
o Treatment
Conservative treatment: for stones <5 mm that are asymptomatic or causing mild
symptoms
Medical management: thiazide diuretics or allopurinol can be used for calcium stones or
uric acid stones, respectively
Stone removal: larger stones >5 mm or stones causing severe symptoms-lithotripsy.
The goals of treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce the size of stone already formed
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure
o Review who is a candidate for dialysis
o Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic
diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor) systemic
lupus erythematosus, or intrinsic kidney disease
o CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria.
o Review 5 stages of CKD
eGFR
Stage Description (mL/min) Complications of Decreased GFR
1 There is kidney damage with normal or elevated 90-120 Anemia
GFR Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
2 There is kidney damage with mild decrease in 60-89 Heart failure
GFR Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
3 There is a moderate decrease in GFR 30-59 Hyperkalemia
Downloaded by elizabeth moses ()
nr507-final-exam-study-guide-key-concepts-in-disorders_removed.pdf
nr507-final-exam-study-guide-key-concepts-in-disorders_removed.pdf
nr507-final-exam-study-guide-key-concepts-in-disorders_removed.pdf
nr507-final-exam-study-guide-key-concepts-in-disorders_removed.pdf
nr507-final-exam-study-guide-key-concepts-in-disorders_removed.pdf
nr507-final-exam-study-guide-key-concepts-in-disorders_removed.pdf
FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Concepts:
Genitourinary disorders
Gastrointestinal disorders
Neurobiological disorders
Endocrine disorders
Neurodegenerative disorders
Demyelinating diseases
Convulsions
Headache syndromes
Cranial nerve disorders
Central nervous system inflammation
Central nervous system ischemia
Dermatologic conditions
GENITOURINARY DISORDERS
Acute Renal Failure
o Reversible
o Prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output= kidneys are functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis
o Pathophysiology
Bacterial colonization
Adherence and invasion
Inflammation and immune response
Renal injury and complications (upper urinary system)
o Assessment
Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis;
pyelonephritis involves the upper tract and cystitis involves the lower tract.
Flank pain, abdominal tenderness, and fever. Systemic signs, such as high fever, chills,
and tachycardia, may suggest severe infection.
o Diagnosis
Urinalysis: Positive urine culture with significant bacteriuria (>10^5 CFU/mL) and the
presence of pyuria (≥10 white blood cells per high-power field) on urinalysis. WBC casts
indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present
CBC: Complete blood count (CBC) elevated white blood cell count =infection.
Imaging studies: renal ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) scan, can help identify
structural abnormalities and complications like abscess formation or obstruction.
Renal Calculi
o Pathophysiology
Supersaturation: urine becomes oversaturate with certain substances like calcium
Nucleation: crystals act as nucleation sites, where further crystal deposition can occur.
Downloaded by elizabeth moses ()
nr507-final-exam-study-guide-key-concepts-in-disorders_removed.pdf
nr507-final-exam-study-guide-key-concepts-in-disorders_removed.pdf
nr507-final-exam-study-guide-key-concepts-in-disorders_removed.pdf
, lOMoARcPSD|62982272
nr507-final-exam-study-guide-key-concepts-in-disorders_removed.pdf
nr507-final-exam-study-guide-key-concepts-in-disorders_removed.pdf
nr507-final-exam-study-guide-key-concepts-in-disorders_removed.pdf
Crystal retention: urinary stasis or inadequate urine flow allows crystals to remain in the
urinary tract
Stone growth and composition: overtime, crystals accumulate and grow into stones.
o Assessment
Medical history: identify risk
Physical exam: flank or abdominal pain; costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness;
hematuria
Imaging studies: crucial for assessing the presence, size, location and composition of
the stones- CT scan, renal ultrasound or x-ray
Lab tests: urinalysis (blood, crystals or infection); blood tests evaluate renal function and
identify metabolic abnormalities
o Treatment
Conservative treatment: for stones <5 mm that are asymptomatic or causing mild
symptoms
Medical management: thiazide diuretics or allopurinol can be used for calcium stones or
uric acid stones, respectively
Stone removal: larger stones >5 mm or stones causing severe symptoms-lithotripsy.
The goals of treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce the size of stone already formed
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure
o Review who is a candidate for dialysis
o Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic
diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor) systemic
lupus erythematosus, or intrinsic kidney disease
o CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria.
o Review 5 stages of CKD
eGFR
Stage Description (mL/min) Complications of Decreased GFR
1 There is kidney damage with normal or elevated 90-120 Anemia
GFR Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
2 There is kidney damage with mild decrease in 60-89 Heart failure
GFR Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
3 There is a moderate decrease in GFR 30-59 Hyperkalemia
Downloaded by elizabeth moses ()
nr507-final-exam-study-guide-key-concepts-in-disorders_removed.pdf
nr507-final-exam-study-guide-key-concepts-in-disorders_removed.pdf
nr507-final-exam-study-guide-key-concepts-in-disorders_removed.pdf
