NR507 Final Study Guide with Highlight Areas | Actual verified study complete
solutions | A+ Graded | 2026 Updates | 100% correct
RENAL
Kidney: *Body’s chemist (2 bean shaped organs, 5oz, R lower than left due to liver on R) (<1% TBW, 20-25% cardiac output = 1200 mL/min)
● Development begin around 3rd wk gestation in utero
● Form urine
● Remove nitrogenous waste from protein metabolism (urea, creatinine, uric acid, ammonia)
● Water & electrolyte balance: Aldosterone & ADH interaction
● Regulate blood pH: H+ ion & HCO3- excretion or reabsorption
● Regulate BP: Aldosterone & Renin system
● Hormone production: Erythropoietin & renin
● Activate hormone: Calcitriol (Vitamin D3)
Blood flow: Renal artery aferent arteriole glomerulus eferent arteriole PTC renal vein Renal vein
● 20 % plasma (120-140 mL/min) filtered & enters BC (GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR))
● 80% plasma (480+ mL/min) not filtered & flows to eferent arterioles to return to circulation
Urine flow: yKidne Ureter (narrow tube to bladder Bladder (storage reservoir Urethra (final urine passage to exterior))) y ) )
Interior kidney anatomy:
● Parenchyma: Functional part of the kidney (Cortex & pyramids) o Renal cortex (outer): Connective tissue
o Medulla (inner): Filtration & concentration of wastes
▪ Renal pyramids (cone shape)
▪ Converging tubules
▪ Loop of Henle
● Nephron (in Parenchyma) o Functional unit of kidney, Ultrafiltration unit o Each kidney is born with over 1
million nephrons o Irreversibly damaged (40% non-functional by age 80) o 2 capillary beds surround each
nephron
▪ Glomerular capillaries ( GC ) : Within Bowman’s capsule
▪ Peritubular capillaries ( PTC ) : Surround tubule system
o STRUCTURE :
▪ Bowman’s Capsule (Glomerular capsule) (BC)
▪ Tubule system
● Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
● Loop of Henle
● Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
● Collecting duct
1
, o URINE FORMATION PROCESSES : *Req constant perfusion
▪ Glomerular filtration
● BP forces water & plasma components/ filtrate (glucose, amino acids, creatinine, & urea)
thorough glomerulus & BC into renal tubule system
● Ex) water & cofee (blood), filter (glomerulus), basket (BC), carafe (tubule system)
▪ Tubular reabsorption
● Selective water & solute (glucose, ions, amino acids, urea) return from tubule system to
bloodstream of peritubular capillaries
● PCT most active area of reabsorption (65% Na+, H2O, glucose, & AA)
● Remainder absorbed through tubule system (ADH & aldosterone=amt)
▪ Tubular secretion
● Material movement (urea, ammonia, H+, K+, meds, chemicals) from bloodstream of PTC
into filtrate of nephron tubule system
▪ Urine excretion
● Final waste elimination (urea, creatinine, ammonia, H+, water, ions) ● Filtrate now called
urine
Glomerular filtration: 1st step in making urine. Process that kidneys use to filter excess fluid and waste
products out of the blood to be removed from body.
* Glomeruli filter 180 L fluid/d = plasma cleansed every 100 min due to high hydrostatic pressure of GC
beds
facilitate filtration rate
* Kidney reabsorb 99% of glomeruli filtrate = excrete 1% of 180L (1.5-2L/d) due to high oncotic pressure
PTC beds & osmotic pressure in tubular system
2
,3
, Renal disorder risk factors: can lead to Acute kidney injury (AKI)/ Renal failure
4
solutions | A+ Graded | 2026 Updates | 100% correct
RENAL
Kidney: *Body’s chemist (2 bean shaped organs, 5oz, R lower than left due to liver on R) (<1% TBW, 20-25% cardiac output = 1200 mL/min)
● Development begin around 3rd wk gestation in utero
● Form urine
● Remove nitrogenous waste from protein metabolism (urea, creatinine, uric acid, ammonia)
● Water & electrolyte balance: Aldosterone & ADH interaction
● Regulate blood pH: H+ ion & HCO3- excretion or reabsorption
● Regulate BP: Aldosterone & Renin system
● Hormone production: Erythropoietin & renin
● Activate hormone: Calcitriol (Vitamin D3)
Blood flow: Renal artery aferent arteriole glomerulus eferent arteriole PTC renal vein Renal vein
● 20 % plasma (120-140 mL/min) filtered & enters BC (GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR))
● 80% plasma (480+ mL/min) not filtered & flows to eferent arterioles to return to circulation
Urine flow: yKidne Ureter (narrow tube to bladder Bladder (storage reservoir Urethra (final urine passage to exterior))) y ) )
Interior kidney anatomy:
● Parenchyma: Functional part of the kidney (Cortex & pyramids) o Renal cortex (outer): Connective tissue
o Medulla (inner): Filtration & concentration of wastes
▪ Renal pyramids (cone shape)
▪ Converging tubules
▪ Loop of Henle
● Nephron (in Parenchyma) o Functional unit of kidney, Ultrafiltration unit o Each kidney is born with over 1
million nephrons o Irreversibly damaged (40% non-functional by age 80) o 2 capillary beds surround each
nephron
▪ Glomerular capillaries ( GC ) : Within Bowman’s capsule
▪ Peritubular capillaries ( PTC ) : Surround tubule system
o STRUCTURE :
▪ Bowman’s Capsule (Glomerular capsule) (BC)
▪ Tubule system
● Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
● Loop of Henle
● Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
● Collecting duct
1
, o URINE FORMATION PROCESSES : *Req constant perfusion
▪ Glomerular filtration
● BP forces water & plasma components/ filtrate (glucose, amino acids, creatinine, & urea)
thorough glomerulus & BC into renal tubule system
● Ex) water & cofee (blood), filter (glomerulus), basket (BC), carafe (tubule system)
▪ Tubular reabsorption
● Selective water & solute (glucose, ions, amino acids, urea) return from tubule system to
bloodstream of peritubular capillaries
● PCT most active area of reabsorption (65% Na+, H2O, glucose, & AA)
● Remainder absorbed through tubule system (ADH & aldosterone=amt)
▪ Tubular secretion
● Material movement (urea, ammonia, H+, K+, meds, chemicals) from bloodstream of PTC
into filtrate of nephron tubule system
▪ Urine excretion
● Final waste elimination (urea, creatinine, ammonia, H+, water, ions) ● Filtrate now called
urine
Glomerular filtration: 1st step in making urine. Process that kidneys use to filter excess fluid and waste
products out of the blood to be removed from body.
* Glomeruli filter 180 L fluid/d = plasma cleansed every 100 min due to high hydrostatic pressure of GC
beds
facilitate filtration rate
* Kidney reabsorb 99% of glomeruli filtrate = excrete 1% of 180L (1.5-2L/d) due to high oncotic pressure
PTC beds & osmotic pressure in tubular system
2
,3
, Renal disorder risk factors: can lead to Acute kidney injury (AKI)/ Renal failure
4
