Med Surg Final Study Guide 2026/2027
What causes cerebral edema?
cerebral fluid flowing from the intraventricular space, to the interstitial area of the brain
Causes of cerebral edema
-head trauma
-stroke
-intracranial lesions
-obstructive hydrocephalus
Symptoms of cerebral aneurysms
do not usually have symptoms
What kind of cerebral edema is associated with a stroke?
vasogenic cerebral edema
What is osmotic cerebral edema and how is it related to HgbA1c??
Osmotic edema is a rapid change in plasma osmolarity leading to a water shift in the brain cells causing
swelling and increased ICP. Associated with DKA and HHS
What are modifiable risk factors for a stroke?
-high cholesterol
,-hypertension
-DMT2
-alcohol
-lack of exercise
obesity
Why would it be important to ask a patient with Parkinson's disease what their profession was?
Risk factors include exposures to pesticide toxins
Which diagnostic test would you anticipate for a suspected TIA?
computerized tomography angiography (CTA)
What are the phases and symptoms of migraine?
1. prodromal
2. aura
3. headache
4. postdromal
For a patient with a cerebral aneurysm what is most important to add to the care plan?
Keep HOB elevated 30 to 45 degrees
Why would a patient with PKD have increased abdominal girth?
enlarged kidneys due to cysts cause increased abdominal girth
, Why do women get UTI mor often than men?
Shorter urethra
Where do renal calculi form?
renal papilla
What is PKD?
inherited or genetic disorder causing fluid filled cysts to develop in the kidneys leading to damage and
impaired kidney function
What teaching will you do for a patient with renal calculi?
When working in the heat get plenty of fluids
Manifestations of renal calculi
-severe flank pain
-N/V
-Fever
What is pyelonephritis?
severe infection in the kidneys resulting in kidney swelling, possible urinary obstruction and rarely
becomes chronic
What causes cerebral edema?
cerebral fluid flowing from the intraventricular space, to the interstitial area of the brain
Causes of cerebral edema
-head trauma
-stroke
-intracranial lesions
-obstructive hydrocephalus
Symptoms of cerebral aneurysms
do not usually have symptoms
What kind of cerebral edema is associated with a stroke?
vasogenic cerebral edema
What is osmotic cerebral edema and how is it related to HgbA1c??
Osmotic edema is a rapid change in plasma osmolarity leading to a water shift in the brain cells causing
swelling and increased ICP. Associated with DKA and HHS
What are modifiable risk factors for a stroke?
-high cholesterol
,-hypertension
-DMT2
-alcohol
-lack of exercise
obesity
Why would it be important to ask a patient with Parkinson's disease what their profession was?
Risk factors include exposures to pesticide toxins
Which diagnostic test would you anticipate for a suspected TIA?
computerized tomography angiography (CTA)
What are the phases and symptoms of migraine?
1. prodromal
2. aura
3. headache
4. postdromal
For a patient with a cerebral aneurysm what is most important to add to the care plan?
Keep HOB elevated 30 to 45 degrees
Why would a patient with PKD have increased abdominal girth?
enlarged kidneys due to cysts cause increased abdominal girth
, Why do women get UTI mor often than men?
Shorter urethra
Where do renal calculi form?
renal papilla
What is PKD?
inherited or genetic disorder causing fluid filled cysts to develop in the kidneys leading to damage and
impaired kidney function
What teaching will you do for a patient with renal calculi?
When working in the heat get plenty of fluids
Manifestations of renal calculi
-severe flank pain
-N/V
-Fever
What is pyelonephritis?
severe infection in the kidneys resulting in kidney swelling, possible urinary obstruction and rarely
becomes chronic
