NUR 6111 – Exam 2 (Advanced Practice Nursing I) 2026 – William
Peterson University
1. According to the JNC-8 guidelines, what is the goal blood pressure for a
patient aged 60 years or older without diabetes or chronic kidney disease?
A. <120/80 mmHg
B. <130/80 mmHg
C. <150/90 mmHg
D. <140/90 mmHg
Answer: C
Rationale: JNC-8 recommends a target blood pressure of less than 150/90 mmHg for
adults aged 60 and older who do not have diabetes or CKD.
2. Which of the following is considered the gold standard for diagnosing a
pulmonary embolism?
A. D-dimer assay
B. Chest X-ray
C. Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan
D. CT Pulmonary Angiography (CTPA)
Answer: D
Rationale: CTPA is the gold standard and preferred diagnostic imaging modality for
pulmonary embolism due to its high sensitivity and specificity.
,3. A 45-year-old male with a history of hypertension presents with sudden onset
of excruciating pain in his right great toe. What is the first-line treatment for an
acute gout flare?
A. Allopurinol
B. NSAIDs (e.g., Indomethacin)
C. Febuxostat
D. Probenecid
Answer: B
Rationale: NSAIDs, corticosteroids, or colchicine are first-line for acute attacks. Allopurinol
is used for chronic management and should not be started during an acute flare.
4. According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), what is the glycemic
target HbA1c for most non-pregnant adults?
A. <6.0%
B. <7.0%
C. <6.5%
D. <8.0%
Answer: B
Rationale: The standard HbA1c goal for most non-pregnant adults with diabetes is less
than 7.0%.
5. What is the first-line pharmacologic treatment for a patient newly diagnosed
with Type 2 Diabetes, assuming no contraindications?
A. Metformin
B. Glipizide
C. Liraglutide
D. Sitagliptin
Answer: A
, Rationale: Metformin is the preferred initial pharmacologic agent for the treatment of type
2 diabetes unless contraindicated.
6. A patient presents with a ‘curtain-like’ shadow over their field of vision and
flashes of light. This most likely indicates:
A. Retinal detachment
B. Glaucoma
C. Cataracts
D. Macular degeneration
Answer: A
Rationale: Sudden onset of floaters, flashes of light, and a sensation of a curtain over the
vision are classic signs of retinal detachment.
7. Which medication is recommended as the first-line therapy for a patient with
heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)?
A. Calcium channel blockers
B. Digoxin
C. ACE inhibitor or ARB
D. Hydralazine
Answer: C
Rationale: ACE inhibitors or ARBs (along with beta-blockers and MRAs) are foundational
therapies to reduce mortality in HFrEF.
8. What is the most common causative organism of community-acquired
pneumonia (CAP) in adults?
A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
B. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
C. Haemophilus influenzae
D. Legionella pneumophila
Answer: A
Peterson University
1. According to the JNC-8 guidelines, what is the goal blood pressure for a
patient aged 60 years or older without diabetes or chronic kidney disease?
A. <120/80 mmHg
B. <130/80 mmHg
C. <150/90 mmHg
D. <140/90 mmHg
Answer: C
Rationale: JNC-8 recommends a target blood pressure of less than 150/90 mmHg for
adults aged 60 and older who do not have diabetes or CKD.
2. Which of the following is considered the gold standard for diagnosing a
pulmonary embolism?
A. D-dimer assay
B. Chest X-ray
C. Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan
D. CT Pulmonary Angiography (CTPA)
Answer: D
Rationale: CTPA is the gold standard and preferred diagnostic imaging modality for
pulmonary embolism due to its high sensitivity and specificity.
,3. A 45-year-old male with a history of hypertension presents with sudden onset
of excruciating pain in his right great toe. What is the first-line treatment for an
acute gout flare?
A. Allopurinol
B. NSAIDs (e.g., Indomethacin)
C. Febuxostat
D. Probenecid
Answer: B
Rationale: NSAIDs, corticosteroids, or colchicine are first-line for acute attacks. Allopurinol
is used for chronic management and should not be started during an acute flare.
4. According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), what is the glycemic
target HbA1c for most non-pregnant adults?
A. <6.0%
B. <7.0%
C. <6.5%
D. <8.0%
Answer: B
Rationale: The standard HbA1c goal for most non-pregnant adults with diabetes is less
than 7.0%.
5. What is the first-line pharmacologic treatment for a patient newly diagnosed
with Type 2 Diabetes, assuming no contraindications?
A. Metformin
B. Glipizide
C. Liraglutide
D. Sitagliptin
Answer: A
, Rationale: Metformin is the preferred initial pharmacologic agent for the treatment of type
2 diabetes unless contraindicated.
6. A patient presents with a ‘curtain-like’ shadow over their field of vision and
flashes of light. This most likely indicates:
A. Retinal detachment
B. Glaucoma
C. Cataracts
D. Macular degeneration
Answer: A
Rationale: Sudden onset of floaters, flashes of light, and a sensation of a curtain over the
vision are classic signs of retinal detachment.
7. Which medication is recommended as the first-line therapy for a patient with
heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)?
A. Calcium channel blockers
B. Digoxin
C. ACE inhibitor or ARB
D. Hydralazine
Answer: C
Rationale: ACE inhibitors or ARBs (along with beta-blockers and MRAs) are foundational
therapies to reduce mortality in HFrEF.
8. What is the most common causative organism of community-acquired
pneumonia (CAP) in adults?
A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
B. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
C. Haemophilus influenzae
D. Legionella pneumophila
Answer: A
