NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology
Exam 2 Test Questions and Verified
Answers 2026/2027 Latest (Graded A+)
‣ Absence of menstruation -✓✓Amenorrhea
‣ Hormonal disturbances
Stress
Neoplasms (ovarian, adrenal, pituitary tumors) -✓✓Amenorrhea Causes
‣ Cardiovascular disease
Hypervolemia
Depression -✓✓Complications of Dialysis
‣ Inflammation of the prostate.
Most common association is E. coli. -✓✓Prostatitis
‣ Fever
Chills
Tender prostate
Low back pain
Dysuria
Leukocytosis -✓✓Prostatitis S/S
‣ Urine becomes supersaturated with specific solute that forms crystals.
Crystallization is enhanced when a person is dehydrated or has higher than
normal levels of solute in the urine from excessive secretion (calcium, uric acid). -
✓✓Renal Calculus Cause
‣ Dull, localized flank pain Acute discomfort accompanied by nausea and
vomiting, diaphoresis (sweating), tachycardia, and tachypnea (abnormal, rapid
breathing) Renal colic (intermittent, sharp pain) develops as the stone moves to
the ureteropelvic junction -✓✓Renal Calculus S/S
‣ Urinary retention
, Obstruction to flow
Decreased stream
Hesitancy; difficulty initiating a stream
Interruption of the stream
Infection caused by retention -✓✓Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy S/S
‣ "salt-retaining hormone". Steroid that promotes the retention of Na+ by the
kidneys. Na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood
volume and pressur -✓✓.Aldosterone
‣ Promotes retention of water by kidneys and increases blood pressure. -
✓✓Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
‣ Diabetes
Hypertension
Recurrent pyelonephritis
Acute tubular necrosis
Glomerulonephritis
Polycystic kidney disease
Family history of CKD
Smoking
Age over 65 Ethnicity -✓✓Chronic Renal Failure Risk Factors
‣ The outcome of the progressive and irrevocable loss of nephrons. More than
75% of the total number of nephrons must be lost before clinical manifestations
appear. -✓✓Chronic Renal Failure Causes
‣ Inflammation of the bladder lining, may result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic
infections; chemical irritants; foreign bodies (e.g., stones); or trauma. By far the
most common is bacterial infection. -✓✓.Cystitis Causes
‣ E. coli adheres to bladder epithelium, colonizes, and invades host cells. -
✓✓Cystitis Pathogenesis
Exam 2 Test Questions and Verified
Answers 2026/2027 Latest (Graded A+)
‣ Absence of menstruation -✓✓Amenorrhea
‣ Hormonal disturbances
Stress
Neoplasms (ovarian, adrenal, pituitary tumors) -✓✓Amenorrhea Causes
‣ Cardiovascular disease
Hypervolemia
Depression -✓✓Complications of Dialysis
‣ Inflammation of the prostate.
Most common association is E. coli. -✓✓Prostatitis
‣ Fever
Chills
Tender prostate
Low back pain
Dysuria
Leukocytosis -✓✓Prostatitis S/S
‣ Urine becomes supersaturated with specific solute that forms crystals.
Crystallization is enhanced when a person is dehydrated or has higher than
normal levels of solute in the urine from excessive secretion (calcium, uric acid). -
✓✓Renal Calculus Cause
‣ Dull, localized flank pain Acute discomfort accompanied by nausea and
vomiting, diaphoresis (sweating), tachycardia, and tachypnea (abnormal, rapid
breathing) Renal colic (intermittent, sharp pain) develops as the stone moves to
the ureteropelvic junction -✓✓Renal Calculus S/S
‣ Urinary retention
, Obstruction to flow
Decreased stream
Hesitancy; difficulty initiating a stream
Interruption of the stream
Infection caused by retention -✓✓Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy S/S
‣ "salt-retaining hormone". Steroid that promotes the retention of Na+ by the
kidneys. Na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood
volume and pressur -✓✓.Aldosterone
‣ Promotes retention of water by kidneys and increases blood pressure. -
✓✓Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
‣ Diabetes
Hypertension
Recurrent pyelonephritis
Acute tubular necrosis
Glomerulonephritis
Polycystic kidney disease
Family history of CKD
Smoking
Age over 65 Ethnicity -✓✓Chronic Renal Failure Risk Factors
‣ The outcome of the progressive and irrevocable loss of nephrons. More than
75% of the total number of nephrons must be lost before clinical manifestations
appear. -✓✓Chronic Renal Failure Causes
‣ Inflammation of the bladder lining, may result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic
infections; chemical irritants; foreign bodies (e.g., stones); or trauma. By far the
most common is bacterial infection. -✓✓.Cystitis Causes
‣ E. coli adheres to bladder epithelium, colonizes, and invades host cells. -
✓✓Cystitis Pathogenesis
