NUR 2502 / NUR2502: Multidimensional Care
III / MDC 3 Exam 1 Updated Test Bank and
Answers 2026/2027 Edition (A+ Guaranteed)
• How does breast cancer start? -✓✓From the epithelial lining of the ducts or the
epithelium of the lobules
• 99% of breast cancers occur in what gender? -✓✓women
• breast cancer is slightly more common in what race of women? -✓✓white
• breast cancer in men is similar across? -✓✓all ethnic groups
• Risk factors for breast cancer? -✓✓-post menopause (increasing in age after 60)
-Estrogen (HRT: hormone replacement therapy) (post menopause therapy) can be with
progesterone or alone.
- History or genetics (history of breast, colon, endometrial, &ovarian cancer, or family
history of breast cancer) (*Gene BRCA1 or BRCA2 hold a 5-10% genetic risk)
-Alcohol
-Childbirth after age 30
-Obesity
-Smoking
-Breast cellular changes: hyperplasia, atypical appearance (increased risk)
• Breast cancer signs and symptoms -✓✓-lump in breast
-swelling
-skin irritation
-dimpling
-breast pain
-nipple pain
-nipple turning inward
-redness
-scaliness
-thickening of the nipple
-unusual discharge
-lump in the armpit
(more rare but can present itself as an orange peel)
• *Where is the most common location of breast cancer? * -✓✓*upper outer quadrant is
the most glandular tissue, as a result it is the most common location of a cancer*
• Breast cancer screening & diagnostics -✓✓-history
-physical assessment and examination
,-mammogram (less effective in younger women due to denser breast tissue)
-ultrasound
-MRI (gives more details than a mammogram or ultrasound)
-Biopsy
-Labs
-Pathology
• Breast health large breast challenges -✓✓-Impaired comfort
-Back pain
-diffculty finding clothing that fits
-expensive bras
-fungal infections under breasts
-redness, chaffing or rash, under breasts.
• Breast health small breast challenges -✓✓-some choose breast augmentation
(important to avoid foods, medications, herbs that increase bleeding before/after
surgery)
-Can still perform self examination and have mammograms- but may not be as sensitive
-*some evidence of increased risk for non Hodgkins lymphoma Not breast cancer*
• *Breast Cancer Types* -✓✓-*In situ* (non-ivasive) breast cancer remains in the
mammary
*DCIS: ductal carcinoma in situate* duct or lobules
-*ILC: invasive lobular carcinoma*
*IDC: invasive ductal carcinoma*
• *Non-invasive or In situ breast cancer is* -✓✓*DCIS: ductal carcinoma is situate*
• *Invasive breast cancer is* -✓✓*ILC or IDC*
-the cancer grows into the surrounding tissue and can metastasize
-most likely cause of skin dimpling or peau'd orange
-Aggressive form : itching, rapidly growing lump, breast pain, erythema & edema
• *Most common invasive cancer* -✓✓*IDC: infiltrating ductal carcinoma*
• *breast cancer treatment* -✓✓-Surgery: breast conserving & masectomy
-Radiation therapy
-Chemotherapy
-Hormone therapy
• breast conserving surgery -✓✓removes the entire tumor along with a margin of normal
tissue and may include lymph node removal
, • Masectomy -✓✓Total or simple usually involves lymph nodes
• Radiation therapy -✓✓directed therapy to the site of the cancer (original tumor)
• Chemotherapy -✓✓(S/E depends on the drugs used, frequency, and dose)
-*IV therapy in 2-3 week cycles over 3-6 months*
-Regular blood work is needed
• Most common chemotherapy drugs 2 or 3 of these drugs mixed usually -✓✓-
Anthracyclines (doxurubicin & epirubicin)
-Taxanes (paclitazel & docetaxel)
-Cyclophosphadmide
-Carboplatin
• Typical side effects of chemotherapy -✓✓-hair loss
-nail changes
-mouth sores
-loss of appetite
-N/V
-Diarrhea
-Increase risk of infection
-Easy bruising or bleeding
-Fatigue
-Menstrual changes and infertility
-"Chemo brain"
• Lower risk side effects of chemotherapy -✓✓-heart damage
-risk of leukemia
*-hand foot syndrome (numb, tingling, red, swollen hands & soles)*
-Nerve damage
• Hormone therapy cancer treatment options -✓✓-many block estrogen receptors
-SERM: selective estrogen modulators: tamoxifen, toremifene, fulverstrant.
-AI: artomatase inhibitors: prevent production of estrogen: anastrozole, letrozole,
exemestane.
• Breast Cancer Prognosis -✓✓-tumor size
-nodal involvement
-tumor differentiation
-estrogen & progesterone receptor status
-*HER-2 Status: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2*
• Survival breast cancer rates -✓✓-Localized breast cancer: 99%
-Spread to regional lymph nodes: 85%
-Metastic breast cancer: 27%
III / MDC 3 Exam 1 Updated Test Bank and
Answers 2026/2027 Edition (A+ Guaranteed)
• How does breast cancer start? -✓✓From the epithelial lining of the ducts or the
epithelium of the lobules
• 99% of breast cancers occur in what gender? -✓✓women
• breast cancer is slightly more common in what race of women? -✓✓white
• breast cancer in men is similar across? -✓✓all ethnic groups
• Risk factors for breast cancer? -✓✓-post menopause (increasing in age after 60)
-Estrogen (HRT: hormone replacement therapy) (post menopause therapy) can be with
progesterone or alone.
- History or genetics (history of breast, colon, endometrial, &ovarian cancer, or family
history of breast cancer) (*Gene BRCA1 or BRCA2 hold a 5-10% genetic risk)
-Alcohol
-Childbirth after age 30
-Obesity
-Smoking
-Breast cellular changes: hyperplasia, atypical appearance (increased risk)
• Breast cancer signs and symptoms -✓✓-lump in breast
-swelling
-skin irritation
-dimpling
-breast pain
-nipple pain
-nipple turning inward
-redness
-scaliness
-thickening of the nipple
-unusual discharge
-lump in the armpit
(more rare but can present itself as an orange peel)
• *Where is the most common location of breast cancer? * -✓✓*upper outer quadrant is
the most glandular tissue, as a result it is the most common location of a cancer*
• Breast cancer screening & diagnostics -✓✓-history
-physical assessment and examination
,-mammogram (less effective in younger women due to denser breast tissue)
-ultrasound
-MRI (gives more details than a mammogram or ultrasound)
-Biopsy
-Labs
-Pathology
• Breast health large breast challenges -✓✓-Impaired comfort
-Back pain
-diffculty finding clothing that fits
-expensive bras
-fungal infections under breasts
-redness, chaffing or rash, under breasts.
• Breast health small breast challenges -✓✓-some choose breast augmentation
(important to avoid foods, medications, herbs that increase bleeding before/after
surgery)
-Can still perform self examination and have mammograms- but may not be as sensitive
-*some evidence of increased risk for non Hodgkins lymphoma Not breast cancer*
• *Breast Cancer Types* -✓✓-*In situ* (non-ivasive) breast cancer remains in the
mammary
*DCIS: ductal carcinoma in situate* duct or lobules
-*ILC: invasive lobular carcinoma*
*IDC: invasive ductal carcinoma*
• *Non-invasive or In situ breast cancer is* -✓✓*DCIS: ductal carcinoma is situate*
• *Invasive breast cancer is* -✓✓*ILC or IDC*
-the cancer grows into the surrounding tissue and can metastasize
-most likely cause of skin dimpling or peau'd orange
-Aggressive form : itching, rapidly growing lump, breast pain, erythema & edema
• *Most common invasive cancer* -✓✓*IDC: infiltrating ductal carcinoma*
• *breast cancer treatment* -✓✓-Surgery: breast conserving & masectomy
-Radiation therapy
-Chemotherapy
-Hormone therapy
• breast conserving surgery -✓✓removes the entire tumor along with a margin of normal
tissue and may include lymph node removal
, • Masectomy -✓✓Total or simple usually involves lymph nodes
• Radiation therapy -✓✓directed therapy to the site of the cancer (original tumor)
• Chemotherapy -✓✓(S/E depends on the drugs used, frequency, and dose)
-*IV therapy in 2-3 week cycles over 3-6 months*
-Regular blood work is needed
• Most common chemotherapy drugs 2 or 3 of these drugs mixed usually -✓✓-
Anthracyclines (doxurubicin & epirubicin)
-Taxanes (paclitazel & docetaxel)
-Cyclophosphadmide
-Carboplatin
• Typical side effects of chemotherapy -✓✓-hair loss
-nail changes
-mouth sores
-loss of appetite
-N/V
-Diarrhea
-Increase risk of infection
-Easy bruising or bleeding
-Fatigue
-Menstrual changes and infertility
-"Chemo brain"
• Lower risk side effects of chemotherapy -✓✓-heart damage
-risk of leukemia
*-hand foot syndrome (numb, tingling, red, swollen hands & soles)*
-Nerve damage
• Hormone therapy cancer treatment options -✓✓-many block estrogen receptors
-SERM: selective estrogen modulators: tamoxifen, toremifene, fulverstrant.
-AI: artomatase inhibitors: prevent production of estrogen: anastrozole, letrozole,
exemestane.
• Breast Cancer Prognosis -✓✓-tumor size
-nodal involvement
-tumor differentiation
-estrogen & progesterone receptor status
-*HER-2 Status: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2*
• Survival breast cancer rates -✓✓-Localized breast cancer: 99%
-Spread to regional lymph nodes: 85%
-Metastic breast cancer: 27%
