Advanced Pathophysiology FNP
Complete Quiz & Final Exam Review
Graded A | 7 Modules + Comprehensive Final |
100% Answer Key Included
Walden University · Nursing Program · Updated 2026
Module 1 Quiz — Cell Biology & Genetics
Score: points
Status: Completed
Time: 40 minutes
Q1. What is the absolute refractory period of the action potential?
✔ ANSWER: Inactivated voltage-gated sodium channels
Q2. A patient's ECG shows tall, peaked T waves. What lab value correlates with this finding?
✔bradycardia,
ANSWER: Hyperkalemia — clinically manifests with cardiovascular changes including
hypotension, and ECG changes such as missed P waves, tall T waves, prolonged
PR intervals, and wide QRS complexes.
Q3. What does the loss of ATP during ischemia cause cells to do?
✔the plasma
ANSWER: Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl). Reduction in ATP causes
membrane's Na⁺ -K⁺ pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, leading to
intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium, and diffusion of potassium out of the cell.
Cellular swelling results.
,Q4. An amniocentesis indicates a neural tube defect when an increase in which protein is
evident?
✔ ANSWER: Alpha-fetoprotein
Q5. In somatic cell gene therapy, what type of vector is most commonly used to alter a specific
set of somatic cells?
✔ ANSWER: Viruses
Q6. Physiologic pH is maintained at approximately 7.4 because bicarbonate (HCO₃) and
carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) exist in what ratio?
✔ ANSWER: 20:1 ratio (20 HCO₃ to 1 H₂CO₃)
Q7. A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for nerve impulse
transmission is the ratio between what?
✔ ANSWER: The ratio between intracellular potassium (K⁺ ) and extracellular potassium
Q8. What advantage is derived from human genome sequencing on genetic disorders?
✔treatment
ANSWER: Identification of the mutated gene; Diagnosis of the existing disorder; Appropriate
Q9. How do free radicals cause cell damage?
✔electrons
ANSWER: Free radicals damage proteins, DNA, and cell membranes by stealing their
through a process called oxidation.
Q10. What is the difference between DNA sequence mutations and epigenetic modifications?
✔epigenetic
ANSWER: DNA sequence mutations are permanent changes to the DNA code itself, while
modifications are heritable changes in gene expression that do not alter the DNA
sequence.
Q11. Which type of cancer is said to aggregate among families?
✔related
ANSWER: Familial cancers (e.g., hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, Lynch syndrome-
cancers)
Q12. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
✔epithelial
ANSWER: The cell transforms and uses energy obtained from nutrients (e.g., intestinal
cells absorbing glucose)
, Q13. What two types of hearing loss are associated with noise?
✔(temporary)
ANSWER: Sensorineural hearing loss (permanent) and temporary threshold shift
Q14. DNA formation occurs in which of the cell's structures?
✔ ANSWER: Nucleus
Q15. What are examples of prenatal diagnostic studies?
✔screening,
ANSWER: Amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling (CVS), maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein
ultrasound
Q16. How is transcription best defined?
✔polymerase
ANSWER: The process by which a segment of DNA is copied into mRNA by RNA
Q17. What are the causes of hypokalemia?
✔wasting,
ANSWER: Inadequate dietary intake, excessive loss via GI tract (vomiting, diarrhea), renal
diuretic use, aldosteronism
Q18. Which molecule provides the second messenger necessary for extracellular
communication to be activated?
✔ ANSWER: Adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
Q19. Why is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia?
✔lowering
ANSWER: Insulin drives potassium from the extracellular space into cells, temporarily
serum potassium levels.
Q20. What score was achieved on Module 1 Quiz?
✔ ANSWER: 19 out of 20 points (Grade A)
Module 2 Quiz — Infection & Immunity
Score: points
Status: Completed
Time: 40 minutes
Complete Quiz & Final Exam Review
Graded A | 7 Modules + Comprehensive Final |
100% Answer Key Included
Walden University · Nursing Program · Updated 2026
Module 1 Quiz — Cell Biology & Genetics
Score: points
Status: Completed
Time: 40 minutes
Q1. What is the absolute refractory period of the action potential?
✔ ANSWER: Inactivated voltage-gated sodium channels
Q2. A patient's ECG shows tall, peaked T waves. What lab value correlates with this finding?
✔bradycardia,
ANSWER: Hyperkalemia — clinically manifests with cardiovascular changes including
hypotension, and ECG changes such as missed P waves, tall T waves, prolonged
PR intervals, and wide QRS complexes.
Q3. What does the loss of ATP during ischemia cause cells to do?
✔the plasma
ANSWER: Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl). Reduction in ATP causes
membrane's Na⁺ -K⁺ pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, leading to
intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium, and diffusion of potassium out of the cell.
Cellular swelling results.
,Q4. An amniocentesis indicates a neural tube defect when an increase in which protein is
evident?
✔ ANSWER: Alpha-fetoprotein
Q5. In somatic cell gene therapy, what type of vector is most commonly used to alter a specific
set of somatic cells?
✔ ANSWER: Viruses
Q6. Physiologic pH is maintained at approximately 7.4 because bicarbonate (HCO₃) and
carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) exist in what ratio?
✔ ANSWER: 20:1 ratio (20 HCO₃ to 1 H₂CO₃)
Q7. A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for nerve impulse
transmission is the ratio between what?
✔ ANSWER: The ratio between intracellular potassium (K⁺ ) and extracellular potassium
Q8. What advantage is derived from human genome sequencing on genetic disorders?
✔treatment
ANSWER: Identification of the mutated gene; Diagnosis of the existing disorder; Appropriate
Q9. How do free radicals cause cell damage?
✔electrons
ANSWER: Free radicals damage proteins, DNA, and cell membranes by stealing their
through a process called oxidation.
Q10. What is the difference between DNA sequence mutations and epigenetic modifications?
✔epigenetic
ANSWER: DNA sequence mutations are permanent changes to the DNA code itself, while
modifications are heritable changes in gene expression that do not alter the DNA
sequence.
Q11. Which type of cancer is said to aggregate among families?
✔related
ANSWER: Familial cancers (e.g., hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, Lynch syndrome-
cancers)
Q12. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
✔epithelial
ANSWER: The cell transforms and uses energy obtained from nutrients (e.g., intestinal
cells absorbing glucose)
, Q13. What two types of hearing loss are associated with noise?
✔(temporary)
ANSWER: Sensorineural hearing loss (permanent) and temporary threshold shift
Q14. DNA formation occurs in which of the cell's structures?
✔ ANSWER: Nucleus
Q15. What are examples of prenatal diagnostic studies?
✔screening,
ANSWER: Amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling (CVS), maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein
ultrasound
Q16. How is transcription best defined?
✔polymerase
ANSWER: The process by which a segment of DNA is copied into mRNA by RNA
Q17. What are the causes of hypokalemia?
✔wasting,
ANSWER: Inadequate dietary intake, excessive loss via GI tract (vomiting, diarrhea), renal
diuretic use, aldosteronism
Q18. Which molecule provides the second messenger necessary for extracellular
communication to be activated?
✔ ANSWER: Adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
Q19. Why is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia?
✔lowering
ANSWER: Insulin drives potassium from the extracellular space into cells, temporarily
serum potassium levels.
Q20. What score was achieved on Module 1 Quiz?
✔ ANSWER: 19 out of 20 points (Grade A)
Module 2 Quiz — Infection & Immunity
Score: points
Status: Completed
Time: 40 minutes
