NU545 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UNIT 7:
CHROMOSOMES, CANCERS, BURNS, AND
SHOCK PRACTICE EXAMINATION 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Secondary MODS.
Answer: Progressive organ dysfunction resulting from excessive
inflammatory reaction, after a latent period following the initial injury, in
organs distant from the site of the original injury. Often the second insult is
mild by produces an immense disproportionate response b/c of the previous
priming of leukocytes. The interaction of injured organs leads to a
self-perpetuating inflammation.
◍ Hypertrophic scars.
Answer: Are elevated erythematous fibrous lesions that do not expand
beyond the border of injury.
◍ Plaque psoriasis.
Answer: It can be mild, moderate, or severe. The typical lesion is
well-demarcated, thick, silvery, scaly, erythematous plaque surrounded by
normal skin. Lesions are commonly located on the scalp, elbows, and knees
and at sites of trauma. Sites may bleed if the loosely adherent scales are
removed.
◍ Transcription.
Answer: The process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template.
◍ Characteristics of Down Syndrome.
Answer: low nasal bridge -epicanthal folds -protruding tongue -low-set, flat
ears -Poor muscle tone -short stature
,◍ Stage 4 pressure ulcer.
Answer: Full thickness skin loss with extensive destruction, tissue necrosis,
or damage to muscle, bone, or supporting structures.
◍ Turner Syndrome.
Answer: Karyotype 45,X, only have a single X chromosome and no
homologous X or Y chromosome resulting in a total of 45 chromosomes.
Incidence 1 in 2500 newborn females. This condition is highly lethal during
gestation: less than 1% of 45,X survive to term, the combinations which
make it to term are XX, XXX, and XY cells.
◍ Cellular Respiration.
Answer: combustion of glucose in the presence of oxygen CO2 & H2O &
energy
◍ A patient asks what aldosterone does. How should the nurse respond?
Aldosterone:
A. promotes sodium and water excretion
B. promotes potassium and water retention
C. promotes sodium and water retention
D. promotes potassium and water excretion.
Answer: C. promotes sodium and water retention
◍ Sex-linked recessive.
Answer: More in males, never transmitted from father to son (bc of Y
chromosome) transmitted through carrier females and can skip generations.
Passed from an affected father to all of his daughters and they transmit to
approx half of their sons.
◍ Carrier.
Answer: An individual who has a disease-causing allele but is
phenotypically normal.
◍ Basal cell carcinoma.
Answer: A surface epithelial tumor of the skin originating from
undifferentiated basal or germinative cells. The tumors grow upward and
, laterally or downward to the dermal-epidermal junction.
◍ End point of burn shock.
Answer: A Urine output of 30-50ml/ hr in adults and 1ml/kg/hr in children
weighing less than 30kg are the suggested endpoints associated with many
resuscitation formulas.
◍ Which of the following cells produce antibodies during and immune
reaction?
A. plasma cells
B. macrophages
C. T cells
D. mast cells.
Answer: A. plasma cells
◍ The _______ phase of the cell cycle is when DNA replication takes place
A. M phase
B. G1 phase
C. G2 phase
D. S phase.
Answer: D. S phase
◍ Second degree burn.
Answer: The hallmark of superficial partial-thickness injury is the
appearance of thin-walled, fluid-filled blisters that develop within just a few
minutes after injury. A second manifestation is pain.
◍ GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) function to
A. activate receptors on the extracellular surface
B. activate intracellular enzyme systems
C. degrade second-messenger molecues
D. synthesize ATP.
Answer: B. activate intracellular enzyme systems
◍ Thrush.
Answer: Is the term used to describe the presence of Candida albicans in the
, mucous membranes of the mouth of infants and less commonly in adults,
and both may be immune compromised.
◍ Chicken pox.
Answer: Produced by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). It is a complex
herpes group DNA virus that has an incubation period of 10 to 27 days with
an average of 14.
◍ Energy.
Answer: capacity to do work-cannot be destroyed-can be transformed
◍ Which statement is best at defining an oncogene?
A. oncogenes stimulate cancer cell growth
B. oncogenes activate P53
C. oncogenes suppress cancer proliferation
D. oncogenes cause loss of heterozygosity.
Answer: A. oncogenes stimulate cell growth
◍ Membrane functions.
Answer: barrierstructureorganizetransport across the barriersignal
transduction
◍ Metabolic Acidosis.
Answer: concentration of non-carbonic acids increase or bicarbonate is lost
from extracellular fluid or cannot be regenerated by kidneys.
◍ Maldistribution of blood flow.
Answer: Refers to the uneven distribution of flow to various organs and
between the large vessels and capillary beds of the body.
◍ The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane has low permeability to charge
and polar molecules
A. true
B. False.
Answer: A. true
◍ Translocation.
CHROMOSOMES, CANCERS, BURNS, AND
SHOCK PRACTICE EXAMINATION 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Secondary MODS.
Answer: Progressive organ dysfunction resulting from excessive
inflammatory reaction, after a latent period following the initial injury, in
organs distant from the site of the original injury. Often the second insult is
mild by produces an immense disproportionate response b/c of the previous
priming of leukocytes. The interaction of injured organs leads to a
self-perpetuating inflammation.
◍ Hypertrophic scars.
Answer: Are elevated erythematous fibrous lesions that do not expand
beyond the border of injury.
◍ Plaque psoriasis.
Answer: It can be mild, moderate, or severe. The typical lesion is
well-demarcated, thick, silvery, scaly, erythematous plaque surrounded by
normal skin. Lesions are commonly located on the scalp, elbows, and knees
and at sites of trauma. Sites may bleed if the loosely adherent scales are
removed.
◍ Transcription.
Answer: The process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template.
◍ Characteristics of Down Syndrome.
Answer: low nasal bridge -epicanthal folds -protruding tongue -low-set, flat
ears -Poor muscle tone -short stature
,◍ Stage 4 pressure ulcer.
Answer: Full thickness skin loss with extensive destruction, tissue necrosis,
or damage to muscle, bone, or supporting structures.
◍ Turner Syndrome.
Answer: Karyotype 45,X, only have a single X chromosome and no
homologous X or Y chromosome resulting in a total of 45 chromosomes.
Incidence 1 in 2500 newborn females. This condition is highly lethal during
gestation: less than 1% of 45,X survive to term, the combinations which
make it to term are XX, XXX, and XY cells.
◍ Cellular Respiration.
Answer: combustion of glucose in the presence of oxygen CO2 & H2O &
energy
◍ A patient asks what aldosterone does. How should the nurse respond?
Aldosterone:
A. promotes sodium and water excretion
B. promotes potassium and water retention
C. promotes sodium and water retention
D. promotes potassium and water excretion.
Answer: C. promotes sodium and water retention
◍ Sex-linked recessive.
Answer: More in males, never transmitted from father to son (bc of Y
chromosome) transmitted through carrier females and can skip generations.
Passed from an affected father to all of his daughters and they transmit to
approx half of their sons.
◍ Carrier.
Answer: An individual who has a disease-causing allele but is
phenotypically normal.
◍ Basal cell carcinoma.
Answer: A surface epithelial tumor of the skin originating from
undifferentiated basal or germinative cells. The tumors grow upward and
, laterally or downward to the dermal-epidermal junction.
◍ End point of burn shock.
Answer: A Urine output of 30-50ml/ hr in adults and 1ml/kg/hr in children
weighing less than 30kg are the suggested endpoints associated with many
resuscitation formulas.
◍ Which of the following cells produce antibodies during and immune
reaction?
A. plasma cells
B. macrophages
C. T cells
D. mast cells.
Answer: A. plasma cells
◍ The _______ phase of the cell cycle is when DNA replication takes place
A. M phase
B. G1 phase
C. G2 phase
D. S phase.
Answer: D. S phase
◍ Second degree burn.
Answer: The hallmark of superficial partial-thickness injury is the
appearance of thin-walled, fluid-filled blisters that develop within just a few
minutes after injury. A second manifestation is pain.
◍ GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) function to
A. activate receptors on the extracellular surface
B. activate intracellular enzyme systems
C. degrade second-messenger molecues
D. synthesize ATP.
Answer: B. activate intracellular enzyme systems
◍ Thrush.
Answer: Is the term used to describe the presence of Candida albicans in the
, mucous membranes of the mouth of infants and less commonly in adults,
and both may be immune compromised.
◍ Chicken pox.
Answer: Produced by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). It is a complex
herpes group DNA virus that has an incubation period of 10 to 27 days with
an average of 14.
◍ Energy.
Answer: capacity to do work-cannot be destroyed-can be transformed
◍ Which statement is best at defining an oncogene?
A. oncogenes stimulate cancer cell growth
B. oncogenes activate P53
C. oncogenes suppress cancer proliferation
D. oncogenes cause loss of heterozygosity.
Answer: A. oncogenes stimulate cell growth
◍ Membrane functions.
Answer: barrierstructureorganizetransport across the barriersignal
transduction
◍ Metabolic Acidosis.
Answer: concentration of non-carbonic acids increase or bicarbonate is lost
from extracellular fluid or cannot be regenerated by kidneys.
◍ Maldistribution of blood flow.
Answer: Refers to the uneven distribution of flow to various organs and
between the large vessels and capillary beds of the body.
◍ The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane has low permeability to charge
and polar molecules
A. true
B. False.
Answer: A. true
◍ Translocation.
