NU545 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UNIT 7:
CHROMOSOMES, CANCERS, BURNS, AND
SHOCK FINAL TEST 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the
following except a. increased peripheral resistance.b. pupil constriction.c.
tachycardia.d. diaphoresis..
Answer: b. pupil constriction.
◍ Reperfusion injury to cellsa. results in very little cellular damage.b. involves
formation of free radicals.c. results from calcium deficiency in cells.d.
occurs following nutritional injury..
Answer: b. involves formation of free radicals.
◍ Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of what from parent to
offspring? a. Mutant tumor-suppressor geneb. Extra chromosomec.
Cancer-causing virusd. Oncogene.
Answer: a. Mutant tumor-suppressor gene
◍ Parents want their child vaccinated against chickenpox. The healthcare
professional prepares to administer the vaccine against which
organism?a.Poxvirusb.Varicella-zoster virusc.Adenovirusd.Human
papillomavirus.
Answer: ANS: BOnly a varicella-zoster viral infection produces chickenpox
(varicella) and herpes zoster (shingles).
◍ A student asks, "What is the percentage of all cases of breast cancer that are
identified as an autosomal dominant form?" What response by the professor
is best?a.<1b.5 to 10c.15 to 20d.20 to 30.
, Answer: ANS: BAn autosomal dominant form of breast cancer accounts for
approximately 5% to 10% of breast cancer cases in the United States.
◍ A child has been diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). What
does the healthcare professional tell the parents about the survival rate at 5
years for this disease?a.90%b.70%c.40%d.20%.
Answer: ANS: BThe 5-year survival rate for ALL is about 90%.
◍ Apoptosis is a process that results in cellulara. mutation.b. death.c.
atrophy.d. proliferation..
Answer: b. death.
◍ Carbon monoxide injures cells by a. promotion of free radicals.b.
destruction of cellular membranes.c. reducing oxygen level on
hemoglobin.d. crystallization of cellular organelles..
Answer: c. reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin.
◍ The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage
isa. invoke resting state.b. energy and repair.c. set a new baseline
steady-state.d. produce exhaustion..
Answer: b. energy and repair.
◍ The effect of stress on the immune systema. may involve enhancement or
impairment the immune system.b. most often involves enhancement of the
immune system.c. is unknown.d. has been demonstrated to be non-existent
in studies..
Answer: a. may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system.
◍ A child with which genetic disorder has a characteristic cry?a.Down
syndromeb.Klinefelter syndromec.Turner syndromed.Cri du chat.
Answer: ANS: DCri du chat, which literally means "cry of the cat,"
describes the characteristic cry of the affected child. The correct option is
the only one with the characteristic cry.
◍ Which is not normally secreted in response to stress?a. Norepinephrineb.
Insulinc. Epinephrined. Cortisol.
Answer: b. Insulin
,◍ Which component of the epidermis initiates immune responses and provides
a defense against environmental antigens?a.Langerhans cellsb.Merkel
cellsc.Keratinocytesd.Melanocytes.
Answer: ANS: ALangerhans cells (a type of dendritic cell) and dermal
dendritic cells initiate an immune response by presenting processed antigen
to T cells, thus providing a defense against environmental antigens. This
function is not carried out by Merkel cells, keratinocytes, or melanocytes.
◍ What is an individual's genetic makeup
called?a.Phenotypeb.Genotypec.Heterozygous locusd.Homozygous locus.
Answer: ANS: BAn individual's genotype is his or her genetic makeup. The
outward appearance of an individual is the phenotype. A locus refers to the
position a gene occupies on a chromosome.
◍ Why an X-linked recessive disease can skip generations?a.Females are
hemizygous for the X chromosome.b.The disease can be transmitted through
female carriers.c.Mothers cannot pass X-linked genes to their sons.d.These
diseases need only one copy of the gene in females..
Answer: ANS: BSkipped generations are often observed in X-linked
recessive disease pedigrees because the gene can be transmitted through
female carriers. Males are hemizygous for genes on the X chromosome.
Fathers cannot pass X-linked genes to their sons. X-linked recessive
diseases are observed significantly more often in males than in females,
because males need only one copy of the gene to express the disease.
◍ Which cells of the dermis secrete connective tissue
matrix?a.Macrophagesb.Mast cellsc.Fibroblastsd.Histiocytes.
Answer: ANS: COnly fibroblasts secrete the connective tissue matrix and
collagen. Macrophages are phagocytic cells. Mast cells release histamine
and play a role in hypersensitivity reactions in the skin. Histiocytes are a
type of macrophage found in loose connective tissue.
◍ The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is
a. AP
C. b. DC
, C. c. Rb.d. P53..
Answer: d. P53
◍ A cancer patient has pain at the tumor site and is worried the tumor has
metastasized. What does the healthcare provider understand about this
patient's complaint?a.Pain is primarily a result of pressure caused by the
tumor.b.Pain indicates the metastasis of a cancer.c.Pain is usually the initial
symptom of cancer.d.Pain is generally associated with late-stage cancer..
Answer: ANS: DPain is generally associated with the late stages of cancer.
Pressure, obstruction, invasion of a structure sensitive to pain, stretching,
tissue destruction, and inflammation can cause pain. Pain is not the initial
symptom of cancer nor does it indicate that the cancer has metastasized.
◍ Your patient eats "lots of fat," leads a "stressful" life, and has smoked "about
two packs a day for the last 40 years." Her chronic morning cough recently
worsened, and she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely
contributing factor for development of lung cancer in this patient is a.
stressful lifestyle.b. high-fat diet.c. cigarette smoking.d. urban pollutants..
Answer: c. cigarette smoking.
◍ All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except a. necrosis.b.
metaplasia.c. atrophy.d. hyperplasia..
Answer: a. necrosis.
◍ After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for
chemotherapy, which will a. kill rapidly dividing cells.b. have minimal side
effects.c. selectively kill tumor cells.d. stimulate immune cells to fight the
cancer..
Answer: a. kill rapidly dividing cells.
◍ Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what
that means. The correct response is which of the following?a. It is based on
exploratory surgery.b. It is biochemical testing of tumor cells to determine
the genetic basis of the tumor.c. It is a histologic examination of tissues to
determine the degree of tumor differentiation.d. It is a procedure for
determining the extent of tumor spread..
CHROMOSOMES, CANCERS, BURNS, AND
SHOCK FINAL TEST 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the
following except a. increased peripheral resistance.b. pupil constriction.c.
tachycardia.d. diaphoresis..
Answer: b. pupil constriction.
◍ Reperfusion injury to cellsa. results in very little cellular damage.b. involves
formation of free radicals.c. results from calcium deficiency in cells.d.
occurs following nutritional injury..
Answer: b. involves formation of free radicals.
◍ Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of what from parent to
offspring? a. Mutant tumor-suppressor geneb. Extra chromosomec.
Cancer-causing virusd. Oncogene.
Answer: a. Mutant tumor-suppressor gene
◍ Parents want their child vaccinated against chickenpox. The healthcare
professional prepares to administer the vaccine against which
organism?a.Poxvirusb.Varicella-zoster virusc.Adenovirusd.Human
papillomavirus.
Answer: ANS: BOnly a varicella-zoster viral infection produces chickenpox
(varicella) and herpes zoster (shingles).
◍ A student asks, "What is the percentage of all cases of breast cancer that are
identified as an autosomal dominant form?" What response by the professor
is best?a.<1b.5 to 10c.15 to 20d.20 to 30.
, Answer: ANS: BAn autosomal dominant form of breast cancer accounts for
approximately 5% to 10% of breast cancer cases in the United States.
◍ A child has been diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). What
does the healthcare professional tell the parents about the survival rate at 5
years for this disease?a.90%b.70%c.40%d.20%.
Answer: ANS: BThe 5-year survival rate for ALL is about 90%.
◍ Apoptosis is a process that results in cellulara. mutation.b. death.c.
atrophy.d. proliferation..
Answer: b. death.
◍ Carbon monoxide injures cells by a. promotion of free radicals.b.
destruction of cellular membranes.c. reducing oxygen level on
hemoglobin.d. crystallization of cellular organelles..
Answer: c. reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin.
◍ The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage
isa. invoke resting state.b. energy and repair.c. set a new baseline
steady-state.d. produce exhaustion..
Answer: b. energy and repair.
◍ The effect of stress on the immune systema. may involve enhancement or
impairment the immune system.b. most often involves enhancement of the
immune system.c. is unknown.d. has been demonstrated to be non-existent
in studies..
Answer: a. may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system.
◍ A child with which genetic disorder has a characteristic cry?a.Down
syndromeb.Klinefelter syndromec.Turner syndromed.Cri du chat.
Answer: ANS: DCri du chat, which literally means "cry of the cat,"
describes the characteristic cry of the affected child. The correct option is
the only one with the characteristic cry.
◍ Which is not normally secreted in response to stress?a. Norepinephrineb.
Insulinc. Epinephrined. Cortisol.
Answer: b. Insulin
,◍ Which component of the epidermis initiates immune responses and provides
a defense against environmental antigens?a.Langerhans cellsb.Merkel
cellsc.Keratinocytesd.Melanocytes.
Answer: ANS: ALangerhans cells (a type of dendritic cell) and dermal
dendritic cells initiate an immune response by presenting processed antigen
to T cells, thus providing a defense against environmental antigens. This
function is not carried out by Merkel cells, keratinocytes, or melanocytes.
◍ What is an individual's genetic makeup
called?a.Phenotypeb.Genotypec.Heterozygous locusd.Homozygous locus.
Answer: ANS: BAn individual's genotype is his or her genetic makeup. The
outward appearance of an individual is the phenotype. A locus refers to the
position a gene occupies on a chromosome.
◍ Why an X-linked recessive disease can skip generations?a.Females are
hemizygous for the X chromosome.b.The disease can be transmitted through
female carriers.c.Mothers cannot pass X-linked genes to their sons.d.These
diseases need only one copy of the gene in females..
Answer: ANS: BSkipped generations are often observed in X-linked
recessive disease pedigrees because the gene can be transmitted through
female carriers. Males are hemizygous for genes on the X chromosome.
Fathers cannot pass X-linked genes to their sons. X-linked recessive
diseases are observed significantly more often in males than in females,
because males need only one copy of the gene to express the disease.
◍ Which cells of the dermis secrete connective tissue
matrix?a.Macrophagesb.Mast cellsc.Fibroblastsd.Histiocytes.
Answer: ANS: COnly fibroblasts secrete the connective tissue matrix and
collagen. Macrophages are phagocytic cells. Mast cells release histamine
and play a role in hypersensitivity reactions in the skin. Histiocytes are a
type of macrophage found in loose connective tissue.
◍ The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is
a. AP
C. b. DC
, C. c. Rb.d. P53..
Answer: d. P53
◍ A cancer patient has pain at the tumor site and is worried the tumor has
metastasized. What does the healthcare provider understand about this
patient's complaint?a.Pain is primarily a result of pressure caused by the
tumor.b.Pain indicates the metastasis of a cancer.c.Pain is usually the initial
symptom of cancer.d.Pain is generally associated with late-stage cancer..
Answer: ANS: DPain is generally associated with the late stages of cancer.
Pressure, obstruction, invasion of a structure sensitive to pain, stretching,
tissue destruction, and inflammation can cause pain. Pain is not the initial
symptom of cancer nor does it indicate that the cancer has metastasized.
◍ Your patient eats "lots of fat," leads a "stressful" life, and has smoked "about
two packs a day for the last 40 years." Her chronic morning cough recently
worsened, and she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely
contributing factor for development of lung cancer in this patient is a.
stressful lifestyle.b. high-fat diet.c. cigarette smoking.d. urban pollutants..
Answer: c. cigarette smoking.
◍ All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except a. necrosis.b.
metaplasia.c. atrophy.d. hyperplasia..
Answer: a. necrosis.
◍ After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for
chemotherapy, which will a. kill rapidly dividing cells.b. have minimal side
effects.c. selectively kill tumor cells.d. stimulate immune cells to fight the
cancer..
Answer: a. kill rapidly dividing cells.
◍ Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what
that means. The correct response is which of the following?a. It is based on
exploratory surgery.b. It is biochemical testing of tumor cells to determine
the genetic basis of the tumor.c. It is a histologic examination of tissues to
determine the degree of tumor differentiation.d. It is a procedure for
determining the extent of tumor spread..
