NU545 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UNIT 7:
CHROMOSOMES, CANCERS, BURNS, AND
SHOCK COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE
2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ xenobiotics.
Answer: toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic chemicals; bind to lipoproteins
and can penetrate lipid bilayer
◍ Stages of GAS.
Answer: Alarm → Resistance → Exhaustion,
◍ Type III Hypersensitivity.
Answer: o Immune complex mediated - IgG/IgMo Antigen-antibody
complexes formed in the circulation and later deposited in vessel walls or
extra vascular tissueso Not organ specifico Immune complex
clearance-Large-macrophages- Small-renal clearance- Intermediate- deposit
in tissues - joint diseaseSerum Sickness, Raynaud's phenomena, Lupus
◍ pyknosis.
Answer: type of nuclear dissolution where the nucleus shrinks and becomes
a small, dense mass of genetic material
◍ Examples of atrophy.
Answer: skeletal muscle: person with cast, spinal cord injury, bed rest
patientheart atrophy: no blood supply to part of heart, chamber of heart can
atrophy
◍ Define chromatin.
, Answer: DNA + proteins making up chromosomes,
◍ Methods of detection.
Answer: Lab tests, tumor markers, biopsy, imaging,
◍ Dry gangrene.
Answer: skin shrinks, dry wrinkled, black to brownskin is atrophied and
crackled, occurs in the extremities, looks like prune
◍ Define meiosis.
Answer: Germ cell division → gametes with 23 chromosomes,
◍ Define diagnosis.
Answer: The identification of a disease based on signs, symptoms, and tests,
◍ Define clinical manifestations.
Answer: Signs and symptoms that reflect the disease's presence,
◍ Define autosomal recessive disorder.
Answer: Disease shows only if both alleles mutated,
◍ coagulative necrosis.
Answer: occurs primarily in kidneys, heart, and adrenal cells; commonly
results from hypoxia/ischemia; caused by protein denaturation (particularly
albumin)
◍ livor mortis.
Answer: a purple discoloration that occurs postmortem as gravity causes
blood to pool in the lowest tissues
◍ How does hypoxia injure cells.
Answer: Depletes ATP → Na+/K+ pump failure → cell swelling,
◍ Role of RAAS.
Answer: Vasoconstriction + Na+/water retention,
◍ Define recessive trait.
Answer: Expressed only in homozygous state,
◍ B lymphocyte.
, Answer: Humoral immunity-activated cell becomes and antibody-producing
plasma cell or a B memory cell
◍ Define prognosis.
Answer: Expected outcome and chance of recovery,
◍ Examples of autosomal recessive disorders.
Answer: PKU, Tay-Sachs,
◍ Define reversible cell injury.
Answer: Temporary impairment (swelling, fatty change) without death,
◍ Characteristics of benign tumors.
Answer: Well-differentiated, slow growth, capsule, no metastasis,
◍ Why do cells adapt.
Answer: To survive and maintain function in response to stress or changes,
◍ Define free radical.
Answer: Unstable molecule with unpaired electron that damages cells,
◍ oxidative stress.
Answer: occurs when free radicals overwhelm endogenous antioxidant
systems
◍ Define intrauterine factors.
Answer: Rare birth defect causes like crowding/entanglement,
◍ aneuploid cell.
Answer: variation of chromosomal number that causes a cell to have too
many or too few chromosomes; total number of chromosomes is not a
multiple of 23 as it is in triploidy or tetraploidy.
◍ hemosiderin.
Answer: a yellow-brown pigment derived from hemoglobin; responsible for
the yellow color of bruises
◍ Define X-linked disorder.
Answer: Disorder on X chromosome, usually recessive,
CHROMOSOMES, CANCERS, BURNS, AND
SHOCK COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE
2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ xenobiotics.
Answer: toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic chemicals; bind to lipoproteins
and can penetrate lipid bilayer
◍ Stages of GAS.
Answer: Alarm → Resistance → Exhaustion,
◍ Type III Hypersensitivity.
Answer: o Immune complex mediated - IgG/IgMo Antigen-antibody
complexes formed in the circulation and later deposited in vessel walls or
extra vascular tissueso Not organ specifico Immune complex
clearance-Large-macrophages- Small-renal clearance- Intermediate- deposit
in tissues - joint diseaseSerum Sickness, Raynaud's phenomena, Lupus
◍ pyknosis.
Answer: type of nuclear dissolution where the nucleus shrinks and becomes
a small, dense mass of genetic material
◍ Examples of atrophy.
Answer: skeletal muscle: person with cast, spinal cord injury, bed rest
patientheart atrophy: no blood supply to part of heart, chamber of heart can
atrophy
◍ Define chromatin.
, Answer: DNA + proteins making up chromosomes,
◍ Methods of detection.
Answer: Lab tests, tumor markers, biopsy, imaging,
◍ Dry gangrene.
Answer: skin shrinks, dry wrinkled, black to brownskin is atrophied and
crackled, occurs in the extremities, looks like prune
◍ Define meiosis.
Answer: Germ cell division → gametes with 23 chromosomes,
◍ Define diagnosis.
Answer: The identification of a disease based on signs, symptoms, and tests,
◍ Define clinical manifestations.
Answer: Signs and symptoms that reflect the disease's presence,
◍ Define autosomal recessive disorder.
Answer: Disease shows only if both alleles mutated,
◍ coagulative necrosis.
Answer: occurs primarily in kidneys, heart, and adrenal cells; commonly
results from hypoxia/ischemia; caused by protein denaturation (particularly
albumin)
◍ livor mortis.
Answer: a purple discoloration that occurs postmortem as gravity causes
blood to pool in the lowest tissues
◍ How does hypoxia injure cells.
Answer: Depletes ATP → Na+/K+ pump failure → cell swelling,
◍ Role of RAAS.
Answer: Vasoconstriction + Na+/water retention,
◍ Define recessive trait.
Answer: Expressed only in homozygous state,
◍ B lymphocyte.
, Answer: Humoral immunity-activated cell becomes and antibody-producing
plasma cell or a B memory cell
◍ Define prognosis.
Answer: Expected outcome and chance of recovery,
◍ Examples of autosomal recessive disorders.
Answer: PKU, Tay-Sachs,
◍ Define reversible cell injury.
Answer: Temporary impairment (swelling, fatty change) without death,
◍ Characteristics of benign tumors.
Answer: Well-differentiated, slow growth, capsule, no metastasis,
◍ Why do cells adapt.
Answer: To survive and maintain function in response to stress or changes,
◍ Define free radical.
Answer: Unstable molecule with unpaired electron that damages cells,
◍ oxidative stress.
Answer: occurs when free radicals overwhelm endogenous antioxidant
systems
◍ Define intrauterine factors.
Answer: Rare birth defect causes like crowding/entanglement,
◍ aneuploid cell.
Answer: variation of chromosomal number that causes a cell to have too
many or too few chromosomes; total number of chromosomes is not a
multiple of 23 as it is in triploidy or tetraploidy.
◍ hemosiderin.
Answer: a yellow-brown pigment derived from hemoglobin; responsible for
the yellow color of bruises
◍ Define X-linked disorder.
Answer: Disorder on X chromosome, usually recessive,
