NU545 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UNIT 7:
CHROMOSOMES, CANCERS, BURNS, AND
SHOCK ACTUAL EXAM PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Nephrotic Syndrome.
Answer: Massive protein loss → hypoalbuminemia → severe edema and
hyperlipidemia.
◍ Tinea.
Answer: Fungal ringworm.
◍ Systemic Effects of Burns.
Answer: Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, metabolic acidosis, infection
risk, hypermetabolism.
◍ Common Electrolyte Changes.
Answer: Hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia.
◍ Leukocytes.
Answer: This term means the same thing as white blood cells
◍ Types of Burns.
Answer: Thermal (flames, hot liquids), Chemical (acids/alkalis), Electrical,
Radiation, Friction.
◍ Aldosterone.
Answer: Increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion.
◍ Arrhythmias.
Answer: Irregular heartbeats due to conduction issues.
◍ Healing of Burns.
, Answer: Often by second intention with granulation tissue and scar
formation.
◍ Psoriasis.
Answer: Oral or IV Methotrexate.
◍ Deep Partial-thickness Burn.
Answer: Deeper dermis, may scar.
◍ Cellular Phase.
Answer: Migration of leukocytes (primarily neutrophils and macrophages)
to the site of injury.
◍ Sepsis.
Answer: A life-threatening condition caused by widespread infection and
inflammation, often leading to organ failure.
◍ Partial-thickness Burn.
Answer: Epidermis + partial dermis, blisters, moist, very painful.
◍ Glomerulonephritis.
Answer: Immune complex damage, proteinuria, hematuria, elevated
creatinine.
◍ Tumor Type and Location.
Answer: Some tumors have better prognoses than others.
◍ Filtration in Kidney.
Answer: Occurs at glomerulus; reabsorption in tubules.
◍ Inflammation.
Answer: The body's protective response to injury, infection, or harmful
stimuli, aiming to eliminate the cause of injury and promote healing.
◍ Cancer.
Answer: A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and
spread to other parts of the body.
◍ Protein Catabolism.
, Answer: Utilization of muscle proteins for gluconeogenesis.
◍ Full-thickness Burn.
Answer: Entire dermis destroyed, dry/leathery, painless due to nerve
damage.
◍ Psoriasis.
Answer: Autoimmune T-cell activation, excessive keratinocyte proliferation,
red plaques with silvery scales.
◍ Adipokines.
Answer: Hormones released by adipose tissue that regulate energy
homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and inflammation.
◍ Adipocytes.
Answer: Fat-storing cells that store excess energy in the form of
triglycerides.
◍ Children and Burns.
Answer: Higher risk for dehydration and deeper burns due to thinner skin.
◍ Inflammatory Phase.
Answer: The phase following hemostasis, including immune cell infiltration
and the removal of dead tissue.
◍ Local Effects of Cancer.
Answer: Pain, obstruction, tissue necrosis.
◍ Skin Cancer Warning Signs.
Answer: Non-healing sore, mole changes.
◍ Chronic Renal Failure.
Answer: Decreased GFR, anemia (↓ erythropoietin), hypertension,
hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis.
◍ Impetigo.
Answer: Caused by Staph aureus, contagious.
◍ Pathophysiology.
, Answer: The study of mechanisms and processes underlying diseases
◍ Age at Diagnosis.
Answer: Younger children often have better outcomes.
◍ Ingestion.
Answer: Infection through consuming contaminated substances.
◍ ABCD Rule.
Answer: Asymmetry, Border, Color variation, Diameter increase.
◍ Pathophysiology of Burns.
Answer: Increased capillary permeability causes plasma leakage →
hypovolemia → decreased cardiac output → burn shock.
◍ Head percentage in Rule of Nines.
Answer: The face and back of the head are 4.5% each, so the entire head is
9%.
◍ Nephron.
Answer: Functional unit of kidney.
◍ Fungi.
Answer: Eukaryotic organisms, including yeasts and molds.
◍ Skin Cancer Diagnosis.
Answer: Shave biopsy, punch biopsy, excision, cauterization, Mohs surgery.
Depends on tumor thickness.
◍ Atopic Dermatitis.
Answer: Allergic inflammation, elevated IgE, pruritic rash, risk of
secondary infection.
◍ Acute Renal Failure.
Answer: Caused by shock, toxins, obstruction.
◍ UTIs.
Answer: Most commonly caused by E. coli.
◍ Risk of shock in burns.
CHROMOSOMES, CANCERS, BURNS, AND
SHOCK ACTUAL EXAM PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Nephrotic Syndrome.
Answer: Massive protein loss → hypoalbuminemia → severe edema and
hyperlipidemia.
◍ Tinea.
Answer: Fungal ringworm.
◍ Systemic Effects of Burns.
Answer: Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, metabolic acidosis, infection
risk, hypermetabolism.
◍ Common Electrolyte Changes.
Answer: Hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia.
◍ Leukocytes.
Answer: This term means the same thing as white blood cells
◍ Types of Burns.
Answer: Thermal (flames, hot liquids), Chemical (acids/alkalis), Electrical,
Radiation, Friction.
◍ Aldosterone.
Answer: Increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion.
◍ Arrhythmias.
Answer: Irregular heartbeats due to conduction issues.
◍ Healing of Burns.
, Answer: Often by second intention with granulation tissue and scar
formation.
◍ Psoriasis.
Answer: Oral or IV Methotrexate.
◍ Deep Partial-thickness Burn.
Answer: Deeper dermis, may scar.
◍ Cellular Phase.
Answer: Migration of leukocytes (primarily neutrophils and macrophages)
to the site of injury.
◍ Sepsis.
Answer: A life-threatening condition caused by widespread infection and
inflammation, often leading to organ failure.
◍ Partial-thickness Burn.
Answer: Epidermis + partial dermis, blisters, moist, very painful.
◍ Glomerulonephritis.
Answer: Immune complex damage, proteinuria, hematuria, elevated
creatinine.
◍ Tumor Type and Location.
Answer: Some tumors have better prognoses than others.
◍ Filtration in Kidney.
Answer: Occurs at glomerulus; reabsorption in tubules.
◍ Inflammation.
Answer: The body's protective response to injury, infection, or harmful
stimuli, aiming to eliminate the cause of injury and promote healing.
◍ Cancer.
Answer: A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and
spread to other parts of the body.
◍ Protein Catabolism.
, Answer: Utilization of muscle proteins for gluconeogenesis.
◍ Full-thickness Burn.
Answer: Entire dermis destroyed, dry/leathery, painless due to nerve
damage.
◍ Psoriasis.
Answer: Autoimmune T-cell activation, excessive keratinocyte proliferation,
red plaques with silvery scales.
◍ Adipokines.
Answer: Hormones released by adipose tissue that regulate energy
homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and inflammation.
◍ Adipocytes.
Answer: Fat-storing cells that store excess energy in the form of
triglycerides.
◍ Children and Burns.
Answer: Higher risk for dehydration and deeper burns due to thinner skin.
◍ Inflammatory Phase.
Answer: The phase following hemostasis, including immune cell infiltration
and the removal of dead tissue.
◍ Local Effects of Cancer.
Answer: Pain, obstruction, tissue necrosis.
◍ Skin Cancer Warning Signs.
Answer: Non-healing sore, mole changes.
◍ Chronic Renal Failure.
Answer: Decreased GFR, anemia (↓ erythropoietin), hypertension,
hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis.
◍ Impetigo.
Answer: Caused by Staph aureus, contagious.
◍ Pathophysiology.
, Answer: The study of mechanisms and processes underlying diseases
◍ Age at Diagnosis.
Answer: Younger children often have better outcomes.
◍ Ingestion.
Answer: Infection through consuming contaminated substances.
◍ ABCD Rule.
Answer: Asymmetry, Border, Color variation, Diameter increase.
◍ Pathophysiology of Burns.
Answer: Increased capillary permeability causes plasma leakage →
hypovolemia → decreased cardiac output → burn shock.
◍ Head percentage in Rule of Nines.
Answer: The face and back of the head are 4.5% each, so the entire head is
9%.
◍ Nephron.
Answer: Functional unit of kidney.
◍ Fungi.
Answer: Eukaryotic organisms, including yeasts and molds.
◍ Skin Cancer Diagnosis.
Answer: Shave biopsy, punch biopsy, excision, cauterization, Mohs surgery.
Depends on tumor thickness.
◍ Atopic Dermatitis.
Answer: Allergic inflammation, elevated IgE, pruritic rash, risk of
secondary infection.
◍ Acute Renal Failure.
Answer: Caused by shock, toxins, obstruction.
◍ UTIs.
Answer: Most commonly caused by E. coli.
◍ Risk of shock in burns.
