BIOL 459 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
what is a social behaviour - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-- have fitness effects on actor
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(performs the behaviour) and recipient (another individual)
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- cooperative (benefit recipient, increase fitness) /conflict (hurt the recipient,
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decrease fitness) |
- certain types of social behaviours lead to sociality
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what constitutes a cooperative behaviour - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-the costs of
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cooperation is less than the benefit of cooperating - selective advantage
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- mutualism and altruism
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what are the four types of intraspecific interactions? who benefits, who is
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harmed for each - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-- mutualism -> both actor and recipient
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benefits
|
- altruism -> recipient benefits, but actor harmed
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- selfishness -> actor benefits, but recipient is harmed
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- spiteful -> both actor and recipient is harmed
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what are the five main explanations for why cooperative behavior evolves? -
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CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-- kin selection (most common) -> not just about the
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fitness of the individual but about shared genes of relative
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- bi-product benefits -> artifact of a selfish behaviour
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,- reciprocity -> social contract. return on investment at a future date
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- enforcement -> coercion. rewards cooperation and punishes cheating system
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- group selection - not often
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what is diplodiploidy? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-both males and females are
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diploid
- normal set up
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what is haplodiploidy? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-total number of chromosomes is
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what dictates the sex of the organism
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- haploid - male
| | |
- diploid - female
| | |
be able to calculate the coefficient of relatedness for a diploidiploid family (as far
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
out as first cousins) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-r = sum (0.5)^L
| | | | | | | | |
sum of all possible pathways - possible shared parents/mates/nodes
| | | | | | | |
approximating % shared genes | | |
r = relatedness
| |
L - # of generational links (# of time gene cut in half between generations)
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what is meant by inclusive fitness - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-direct fitness + indirect
| | | | | | | | | | |
fitness
|
,what are the components of inclusive fitness? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-- direct
| | | | | | | | | | |
fitness -copies of alleles passed down through generations/having offspring:
| | | | | | | | |
darwinian
- indirect fitness (copies of alleles passed by relatives, aiding related individ./ KIN
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
SELECTION)
what is Hamilton's rule? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-an altruistic gene can increase
| | | | | | | | | | |
in freq. in a population if it increases the fitness of relative.
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rB>C
Benefits/Cost > r(actor to own offspring)/r(actor to recipient offspring)
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kin selection likely to evolve if the benefit to the recipient, adjusted for the
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relatedness, is greater than the cost to the actor
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- less related more benefit needed to overcome the cost to the actor or cost is
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
really small |
ex. If individual could either have its own offspring or take care of its siblings
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B/C > 0.5/0.5 = 1
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B/C > 1 | |
to be favoured the mother would have to have one extra kid due to its help for it
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do be an advantage for it to do it.
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, why do animals give alarm calls? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-give an alarm call to
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
signal to other individuals of the same species of a predator
| | | | | | | | | | |
- signal to predator
| | |
- reduce predator success and make future attacks less likely
| | | | | | | | |
- signal to conspecifics
| | | |
-> increase predation risk for sender. draws attention to itself and predator may
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
be able to pick it out.
| | | | |
| -> benefits receivers by getting an early warning (altruistic component)
| | | | | | | | |
| -> signals others to be more vigilant or induce an predator avoidance strategy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
|
ex. ground squirrels
| |
- females > male giving alarm calls
| | | | | |
- females more likely to give alarm calls when relatives nearby (offspring and non-
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
descendants)
- when left group less likely to give alarm calls - kin selection component
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
ex. prairie dogs
| |
- same results as ground squirrels
| | | | |
- also unrelated immigrants give alarm calls if newly enter group (show they are a
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|benefit to group and good to have?)
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in (Krakauer, 2005), why are turkeys displaying in pairs? what does the
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subordinate male have to gain? how did they demonstrate this? - CORRECT
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ANSWER✔✔-- one is dominant and gets all matings from females. subordinate
| | | | | | | | | | |
doesn't get any | |
- r = 0.42 -> they are half related to each other. brothers displaying as a pair
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CORRECT ANSWERS
what is a social behaviour - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-- have fitness effects on actor
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
(performs the behaviour) and recipient (another individual)
| | | | | |
- cooperative (benefit recipient, increase fitness) /conflict (hurt the recipient,
| | | | | | | | | |
decrease fitness) |
- certain types of social behaviours lead to sociality
| | | | | | | |
what constitutes a cooperative behaviour - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-the costs of
| | | | | | | | | |
cooperation is less than the benefit of cooperating - selective advantage
| | | | | | | | | |
- mutualism and altruism
| | |
what are the four types of intraspecific interactions? who benefits, who is
| | | | | | | | | | | |
harmed for each - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-- mutualism -> both actor and recipient
| | | | | | | | | | |
benefits
|
- altruism -> recipient benefits, but actor harmed
| | | | | | |
- selfishness -> actor benefits, but recipient is harmed
| | | | | | | |
- spiteful -> both actor and recipient is harmed
| | | | | | | |
what are the five main explanations for why cooperative behavior evolves? -
| | | | | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-- kin selection (most common) -> not just about the
| | | | | | | | | | |
fitness of the individual but about shared genes of relative
| | | | | | | | |
- bi-product benefits -> artifact of a selfish behaviour
| | | | | | | |
,- reciprocity -> social contract. return on investment at a future date
| | | | | | | | | | |
- enforcement -> coercion. rewards cooperation and punishes cheating system
| | | | | | | | |
- group selection - not often
| | | | |
what is diplodiploidy? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-both males and females are
| | | | | | | | | |
diploid
- normal set up
| | |
what is haplodiploidy? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-total number of chromosomes is
| | | | | | | | | |
what dictates the sex of the organism
| | | | | | |
- haploid - male
| | |
- diploid - female
| | |
be able to calculate the coefficient of relatedness for a diploidiploid family (as far
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
out as first cousins) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-r = sum (0.5)^L
| | | | | | | | |
sum of all possible pathways - possible shared parents/mates/nodes
| | | | | | | |
approximating % shared genes | | |
r = relatedness
| |
L - # of generational links (# of time gene cut in half between generations)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
what is meant by inclusive fitness - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-direct fitness + indirect
| | | | | | | | | | |
fitness
|
,what are the components of inclusive fitness? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-- direct
| | | | | | | | | | |
fitness -copies of alleles passed down through generations/having offspring:
| | | | | | | | |
darwinian
- indirect fitness (copies of alleles passed by relatives, aiding related individ./ KIN
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
SELECTION)
what is Hamilton's rule? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-an altruistic gene can increase
| | | | | | | | | | |
in freq. in a population if it increases the fitness of relative.
| | | | | | | | | | |
rB>C
Benefits/Cost > r(actor to own offspring)/r(actor to recipient offspring)
| | | | | | | |
kin selection likely to evolve if the benefit to the recipient, adjusted for the
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
relatedness, is greater than the cost to the actor
| | | | | | | |
- less related more benefit needed to overcome the cost to the actor or cost is
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
really small |
ex. If individual could either have its own offspring or take care of its siblings
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
B/C > 0.5/0.5 = 1
| | | |
B/C > 1 | |
to be favoured the mother would have to have one extra kid due to its help for it
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
do be an advantage for it to do it.
| | | | | | | |
, why do animals give alarm calls? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-give an alarm call to
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
signal to other individuals of the same species of a predator
| | | | | | | | | | |
- signal to predator
| | |
- reduce predator success and make future attacks less likely
| | | | | | | | |
- signal to conspecifics
| | | |
-> increase predation risk for sender. draws attention to itself and predator may
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
be able to pick it out.
| | | | |
| -> benefits receivers by getting an early warning (altruistic component)
| | | | | | | | |
| -> signals others to be more vigilant or induce an predator avoidance strategy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
|
ex. ground squirrels
| |
- females > male giving alarm calls
| | | | | |
- females more likely to give alarm calls when relatives nearby (offspring and non-
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
descendants)
- when left group less likely to give alarm calls - kin selection component
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
ex. prairie dogs
| |
- same results as ground squirrels
| | | | |
- also unrelated immigrants give alarm calls if newly enter group (show they are a
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|benefit to group and good to have?)
| | | | | |
in (Krakauer, 2005), why are turkeys displaying in pairs? what does the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
subordinate male have to gain? how did they demonstrate this? - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-- one is dominant and gets all matings from females. subordinate
| | | | | | | | | | |
doesn't get any | |
- r = 0.42 -> they are half related to each other. brothers displaying as a pair
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
