1. Afrikaners Descendants of Dutch settlers in southern Africa who controlled their own republics
but lost political independence to the British after the Boer Wars.
2. Belgian Con- A Central African territory controlled by King Leopold II of Belgium, where Africans
go (Congo Free were violently forced to collect rubber, causing millions of deaths.
State)
3. Berlin Confer- An 1884-1885 meeting where European nations divided Africa among themselves
ence without African participation, increasing imperial control.
4. Boxer Rebellion An anti-foreign uprising in China aimed at expelling Western powers and mission-
aries, which failed and led to greater foreign control.
5. British East India A powerful British trading company that controlled trade and governed large parts
Company of India for profit before Britain imposed direct rule.
6. British Raj The period of direct British rule in India (1858-1947), marked by British political
authority and economic exploitation, even though Indian oflcials were used.
7. Cash Crops Crops such as cotton or rubber grown mainly for export to benefit imperial
economies rather than local populations.
8. Chinese Exclu- A U.S. law passed in 1882 that banned Chinese immigration, reflecting racial
sion Act discrimination and anti-immigrant attitudes.
9. Civilizing Mission The ettort by European governments and missionaries to bring schools, hospitals,
laws, and Christianity to colonies, and the belief that doing so benefited them and
justified imperial rule.
10. Company Rule A system in which a private company controlled territory, trade, and government
for profit, such as the British East India Company in India.
11. Concentration Camps first used during the Boer Wars by the British to confine civilians, where
Camps overcrowding, disease, and lack of food caused high death rates.
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