COMAT FBS Key Medical Concepts and Mechanisms
Exam Newest 2026 Questions and Correct Detailed
Answers Already Graded A+
phakomatoses (neurocutaneous) - CORRECT ANSWER-e.g. neurofibromatosis
type 1 via sturge-weber (GNAQ gene), tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC1/2 genes)
acquired - CORRECT ANSWER-trauma, herpes, cysticercosis (tanea solium),
toxoplasmosis, toxocariasis
contractions mechanism - CORRECT ANSWER-non-pregnant (menstrual cycle):
at sub-endometrial layer of estrogen/progesterone receptor-rich myometrium ;
frequency increases toward ovulation, and decreases in luteal phase for possible
implantation
labor - CORRECT ANSWER-via oxytocin positive feedback ; prostaglandins /
inflamm mediators = encourage myometrial contractions and gap junction /
connexin-43 expression
Fragile X Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER->200 CGG repeats at 5'UTR of FMR1
gene (X chrom)
,H pylori features - CORRECT ANSWER-GNR, curved, flagellated = peptic ulcers,
gastritis
H pylori Dx - CORRECT ANSWER-urea breath test (ingestion of carbon-13
labeled urea)
pain worse b/w meals when stomach is EMPTY relates to - CORRECT ANSWER-
peptic ulcers (H pylori)
headaches pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER-the brain lacks pain
receptors, so pain via vasculature (middle meningeal aa, venous sinuses,
cranial/spinal nn, meninges, falx cerebri, head/neck mm) via traction to /
irritation of meninges / blood vessels = increased neuron activity in cerebral
cortex = serotonin / peptide release
Moraxella catarrhalis Dx - CORRECT ANSWER-GN diplococcus, 'kidney-shaped'
(Neisseria family) chocolate and blood agar, does NOT ferment glucose or maltose
hepatitis diagnostic tests - CORRECT ANSWER-gold standard: liver Bx
,allergic rhinitis pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER-APCs (dendritics) at
mucosal surfaces present peptides from allergens to MHC-II = ligand for naive CD4
= Th2 activation and cytokine secretion / B cell isotype switching = IgE and
eosino/mast/neutro proliferation
allergic rhinitis early reaction - CORRECT ANSWER-w/in 30min, type I HS
allergic rhinitis late reaction - CORRECT ANSWER-w/in 6hr
anaphylaxis mechanism - CORRECT ANSWER-first exposure = IgE Abs
hypersensitivity types - CORRECT ANSWER-1. IgE-mediated (allergies, asthma,
anaphylaxis) 2. Cytotoxic ANTIBODY-mediated (IgM, IgG) (bullous pemphigoid,
autoimmune hemolytic anemia, good pasture) 3. Immune COMPLEX-mediated
(Ag-Ab) (SLE, arthus reaction, serums sickness) 4. Delayed-type T cell/MQ-
mediated (allergic contact dermatitis , TB, transplant rejection)
autoimmune RECEPTOR-mediated (IgM, IgG) - CORRECT ANSWER-anemia
mechanism via blood loss that causes iron deficiency, hemolysis, or reduced
erythropoiesis
, hypochromic microcytic anemia associated conditions - CORRECT ANSWER-
iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia MINOR (only abn is Hb electrophoresis), lead
poisoning (prominent basophilic stippling), chronic infection
iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER-hypochromic microcytic, 'cigar
cells'
high bilirubin w a high reticulocyte count relates to - CORRECT ANSWER-
hemolytic anemia
thalassemia major - CORRECT ANSWER-associated w severe hemolytic
anemia, hyperplasia/expansion of bones via increased marrow space to
accommodate = RBC overproduction, chronic hypoxia
anesthesia mechanism - CORRECT ANSWER-activate inhibitory CNS receptors
(GABA[A]) and inactivate excitatory presynaptic voltage-gated sodium channels in
glutamatergic synapse
anesthesia - CORRECT ANSWER-activate GABA(A [a-1/BZ1 and a-2/BZ2) Cl-
channels = hyperpolarizes = inhibits CNS; associated receptors / agents (6): NMDA
receptor antagonist (ketamine), opioid receptor agonists (Mu, kappa, delta), two-
pore potassium channel (K[2P]s) activation = hyperpolarizes = inhibits CNS, alpha-
Exam Newest 2026 Questions and Correct Detailed
Answers Already Graded A+
phakomatoses (neurocutaneous) - CORRECT ANSWER-e.g. neurofibromatosis
type 1 via sturge-weber (GNAQ gene), tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC1/2 genes)
acquired - CORRECT ANSWER-trauma, herpes, cysticercosis (tanea solium),
toxoplasmosis, toxocariasis
contractions mechanism - CORRECT ANSWER-non-pregnant (menstrual cycle):
at sub-endometrial layer of estrogen/progesterone receptor-rich myometrium ;
frequency increases toward ovulation, and decreases in luteal phase for possible
implantation
labor - CORRECT ANSWER-via oxytocin positive feedback ; prostaglandins /
inflamm mediators = encourage myometrial contractions and gap junction /
connexin-43 expression
Fragile X Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER->200 CGG repeats at 5'UTR of FMR1
gene (X chrom)
,H pylori features - CORRECT ANSWER-GNR, curved, flagellated = peptic ulcers,
gastritis
H pylori Dx - CORRECT ANSWER-urea breath test (ingestion of carbon-13
labeled urea)
pain worse b/w meals when stomach is EMPTY relates to - CORRECT ANSWER-
peptic ulcers (H pylori)
headaches pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER-the brain lacks pain
receptors, so pain via vasculature (middle meningeal aa, venous sinuses,
cranial/spinal nn, meninges, falx cerebri, head/neck mm) via traction to /
irritation of meninges / blood vessels = increased neuron activity in cerebral
cortex = serotonin / peptide release
Moraxella catarrhalis Dx - CORRECT ANSWER-GN diplococcus, 'kidney-shaped'
(Neisseria family) chocolate and blood agar, does NOT ferment glucose or maltose
hepatitis diagnostic tests - CORRECT ANSWER-gold standard: liver Bx
,allergic rhinitis pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER-APCs (dendritics) at
mucosal surfaces present peptides from allergens to MHC-II = ligand for naive CD4
= Th2 activation and cytokine secretion / B cell isotype switching = IgE and
eosino/mast/neutro proliferation
allergic rhinitis early reaction - CORRECT ANSWER-w/in 30min, type I HS
allergic rhinitis late reaction - CORRECT ANSWER-w/in 6hr
anaphylaxis mechanism - CORRECT ANSWER-first exposure = IgE Abs
hypersensitivity types - CORRECT ANSWER-1. IgE-mediated (allergies, asthma,
anaphylaxis) 2. Cytotoxic ANTIBODY-mediated (IgM, IgG) (bullous pemphigoid,
autoimmune hemolytic anemia, good pasture) 3. Immune COMPLEX-mediated
(Ag-Ab) (SLE, arthus reaction, serums sickness) 4. Delayed-type T cell/MQ-
mediated (allergic contact dermatitis , TB, transplant rejection)
autoimmune RECEPTOR-mediated (IgM, IgG) - CORRECT ANSWER-anemia
mechanism via blood loss that causes iron deficiency, hemolysis, or reduced
erythropoiesis
, hypochromic microcytic anemia associated conditions - CORRECT ANSWER-
iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia MINOR (only abn is Hb electrophoresis), lead
poisoning (prominent basophilic stippling), chronic infection
iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER-hypochromic microcytic, 'cigar
cells'
high bilirubin w a high reticulocyte count relates to - CORRECT ANSWER-
hemolytic anemia
thalassemia major - CORRECT ANSWER-associated w severe hemolytic
anemia, hyperplasia/expansion of bones via increased marrow space to
accommodate = RBC overproduction, chronic hypoxia
anesthesia mechanism - CORRECT ANSWER-activate inhibitory CNS receptors
(GABA[A]) and inactivate excitatory presynaptic voltage-gated sodium channels in
glutamatergic synapse
anesthesia - CORRECT ANSWER-activate GABA(A [a-1/BZ1 and a-2/BZ2) Cl-
channels = hyperpolarizes = inhibits CNS; associated receptors / agents (6): NMDA
receptor antagonist (ketamine), opioid receptor agonists (Mu, kappa, delta), two-
pore potassium channel (K[2P]s) activation = hyperpolarizes = inhibits CNS, alpha-
