NR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2026 TESTED
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Anemia. Answer: A condition in which the blood is deficient in red
blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume.
◉ Erythropoiesis. Answer: formation of red blood cells
In kidney in response to hypoxia
◉ macrocytic normochromic anemia. Answer: Large RBC's, normal
hemoglobin
Folic acid or Vitamin B12 deficiency
◉ microcytic hypochromic anemia. Answer: small, abnormally shaped
erythrocytes that are not able to carry normal hemoglobin
Thalassemia- mediterranean
◉ normocytic normochromic anemia. Answer: Characterized by red
cells that are relatively normal in size and normal hemoglobin
Aplastic, hemorrhagic, hemolytic, sickle cell
,◉ iron deficiency anemia. Answer: anemia resulting when there is not
enough iron to build hemoglobin for red blood cells
Affects children, poverty, child bearing age
◉ Erythrocytes. Answer: red blood cells
Most abundant cell in the body
Responsible for tissue oxygenation
Mitotic division- 100-120 days
◉ sickle cell anemia. Answer: A genetic disorder in which erythroctyes
take on an abnormal curved or "sickle" shape (Hb-s)
◉ Thalassemia. Answer: Inherited defect in the ability to produce
hemoglobin, usually seen in persons of Mediterranean background.
◉ pernicious anemia. Answer: Lack of mature erythrocytes caused by
inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream
◉ hemolytic anemia. Answer: Characterized by an inadequate number
of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red
blood cells by the spleen
Pancytopenia- reduction in all 3 types of blood cells (RBC, WBC, Plt)
, ◉ Erythropoietin (EPO). Answer: Hormone secreted by the kidney to
stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow
In response to hypoxia
In the fetus the liver produces this
◉ Hemoglobin. Answer: Iron-containing protein in red blood cells that
carries oxygen for delivery to cells
4 molecules of O2
Made of polypeptide, heme, iron
◉ anemia due to gastrectomy. Answer: Iron def anemia is major cause
after this
Removal of stomach often leads to marked decrease in production of
gastric acid. This acid is necessary to convert dietary iron to a form that
is more readily absorbed by the duodenum
◉ hemolytic anemia causes. Answer: Sickle cell disease, ABO or Rh
incompatibility, drug induced
◉ Role of macrophages. Answer: Innate:
1. Phagocytosis
PRR or opsonization w/ complement
2. Secrete Cytokines: Recruit more cells, inflammation, fever, etc.
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2026 TESTED
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Anemia. Answer: A condition in which the blood is deficient in red
blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume.
◉ Erythropoiesis. Answer: formation of red blood cells
In kidney in response to hypoxia
◉ macrocytic normochromic anemia. Answer: Large RBC's, normal
hemoglobin
Folic acid or Vitamin B12 deficiency
◉ microcytic hypochromic anemia. Answer: small, abnormally shaped
erythrocytes that are not able to carry normal hemoglobin
Thalassemia- mediterranean
◉ normocytic normochromic anemia. Answer: Characterized by red
cells that are relatively normal in size and normal hemoglobin
Aplastic, hemorrhagic, hemolytic, sickle cell
,◉ iron deficiency anemia. Answer: anemia resulting when there is not
enough iron to build hemoglobin for red blood cells
Affects children, poverty, child bearing age
◉ Erythrocytes. Answer: red blood cells
Most abundant cell in the body
Responsible for tissue oxygenation
Mitotic division- 100-120 days
◉ sickle cell anemia. Answer: A genetic disorder in which erythroctyes
take on an abnormal curved or "sickle" shape (Hb-s)
◉ Thalassemia. Answer: Inherited defect in the ability to produce
hemoglobin, usually seen in persons of Mediterranean background.
◉ pernicious anemia. Answer: Lack of mature erythrocytes caused by
inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream
◉ hemolytic anemia. Answer: Characterized by an inadequate number
of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red
blood cells by the spleen
Pancytopenia- reduction in all 3 types of blood cells (RBC, WBC, Plt)
, ◉ Erythropoietin (EPO). Answer: Hormone secreted by the kidney to
stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow
In response to hypoxia
In the fetus the liver produces this
◉ Hemoglobin. Answer: Iron-containing protein in red blood cells that
carries oxygen for delivery to cells
4 molecules of O2
Made of polypeptide, heme, iron
◉ anemia due to gastrectomy. Answer: Iron def anemia is major cause
after this
Removal of stomach often leads to marked decrease in production of
gastric acid. This acid is necessary to convert dietary iron to a form that
is more readily absorbed by the duodenum
◉ hemolytic anemia causes. Answer: Sickle cell disease, ABO or Rh
incompatibility, drug induced
◉ Role of macrophages. Answer: Innate:
1. Phagocytosis
PRR or opsonization w/ complement
2. Secrete Cytokines: Recruit more cells, inflammation, fever, etc.
