CWB LEVEL 2 STUDY GUIDE 2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔"Hydrogen will not cause cracking in a weld unless there is stress present." True or
false? - ✔✔True
✔✔Complete the following statement -
"In the heat affected zone of a carbon steel weld fast cooling rates will
form a hard ............................................ " - ✔✔Martensitic structure
✔✔Which of the following types of steel is the least susceptible to hydrogen cracking in
normal circumstances:
-Most carbon and steels used for structural,
-carbon manganese steels used for structural and pressure vessel applications,
-Carbon and low alloy steels with a carbon content of about 0.10% or less, Alloyed
steels with more than 0.10% carbon - ✔✔Carbon and low alloy steels with a carbon
content of about 0.10% or less
✔✔"Solidified weld metal will have a microstructure the same as that of the parent
material (plate)." True or false? - ✔✔False
✔✔Complete the following statement -
"The proportion of parent metal melted into the weld is known as the ....... "
In submerged arc welding, what are fluxes with a low potential for transferring often
called? - ✔✔Dilution
✔✔What effect does the presence of large quantities of oxides have on the Charpy
Vnotch impact energy? - ✔✔It is likely to be lower
✔✔What type of weld pool does high welding speed produce? - ✔✔A long weld pool
✔✔Centreline solidification cracking is most likely caused by: - ✔✔Welding too fast
✔✔When a carbon steel weldment is stress relieved at 625°C are there any major
changes in the microstructure? - ✔✔No
✔✔What is the full description of CTS ? - ✔✔Controlled Thermal Severity
✔✔A large ASTM grain size number indicates: - ✔✔A fine grain
✔✔What type of groove preparation does the Tekken test use? - ✔✔A sloping straight
Y groove
,✔✔What is the main reason for preheating a plate? - ✔✔To allow time for hydrogen
diffusion after the weld is made
✔✔"The risk of cracking from sulphur is even greater if the weld metal contains more
than about. ...................... of nickel." - ✔✔3%
✔✔An electric arc converts electrical energy into heat and light at a specific rate. At
what rate and light produced from an arc of 300 amps with an arc voltage of 25 volts? -
✔✔7500 joules per second
✔✔If a hard microstructure is formed in the HAZ, what is the only remaining factor than
can be controlled to prevent cracking? - ✔✔The amount of hydrogen
✔✔"At about ..................... hydrogen will have NO embrittling effect." - ✔✔150°C - 20°c
✔✔For steel, at which temperature is there a partial transformation to austenite? -
✔✔Exceeding 723°C
✔✔What type of cracking may be caused by excessive welding speeds? -
✔✔Solidification cracking along the centreline
✔✔Why would a multipass weld normally be tougher than a single pass weld? -
✔✔because the heat from one pass refines the grains of the previous pass
✔✔Complete the following sentence -
When a metal is subjected to load it will be resisted by internal forces within the metal.
The intensity of these forces through a given plane is known as ................................. ". -
✔✔Stress
✔✔Select the three ways in which a load can act on a cross-sectional area in a body;
Perpendicular, Tension, Angular, Compression, Heliaxial, Shear - ✔✔Tension,
Compression, Shear
✔✔"Strain is the extension divided by the original length. "True or false? - ✔✔True
✔✔The Modulus of Elasticity, "E", for steel is usually taken as - - ✔✔207 000 MPa
✔✔If a plot of stress against strain is made for a bar that undergoes plastic deformation,
the stress at which a permanent set is first recorded when the bar is unloaded is
known as - - ✔✔Elastic limit
✔✔"Stress is the load divided by the original cross-sectional area." True or false? -
✔✔True
,✔✔Complete the following statement -
"To carry out tensile tests, special machines are needed in order to exert the necessary
force. They are generally of two types ; ...................... and ............................... ." -
✔✔Mechanical and hydraulic
✔✔Complete the following sentence -
"If it is desired to measure the strain during a test, an .............. .is placed on the
specimen." - ✔✔Extensometer
✔✔Name the three types of guided bend tests. - ✔✔Face bend, root bend, side bend
✔✔Complete the following statement -
"After bending, the welds are examined for flaws or cracks. It is a condition of almost all
codes that the specimens shall be considered to have failed if, on examination of the
convex surface after bending, there is a crack or open defect exceeding .............. mm in
length measured in any direction.• - ✔✔3
✔✔What is the purpose of a nick break test? - ✔✔To reveal internal weld defects
✔✔Answer yes or no -
Does a hardness test give any indication of whether the material is readily weldable? -
✔✔Yes
✔✔Name the three types of hardness testing machines. - ✔✔Brinell, Vickers, Rockwell
✔✔Most hardness testing machines use the indentation test where a penetrator of a
given material, shape and size is forced into the surface of the material being tested by
a given load. However, one of the machines uses the principle of a bouncing hammer.
How does this hardness tester work? - ✔✔The rebound velocity of a tungsten carbide
hammer is measured electronically
and converted to a hardness value.
✔✔In the Rockwell C Scale what is the major load which is used? - ✔✔150 kg
✔✔Complete the following statement -
"It is essential that there be no friction in the loading system of the machine or a
............ .load will result." - ✔✔Lighter
✔✔When making a hardness test the thickness of the specimen is very important. As a
rule, the thickness should be - - ✔✔Ten times the depth of the impression
✔✔Complete the following sentence -
, "The most common toughness test is the .................... in which a notched specimen is
broken by a swinging pendulum and the amount of energy required to break the
specimen is recorded." - ✔✔Charpy Impact test
✔✔"If the fractured ends of an impact test specimen are examined, it is seen that brittle
specimens breaking with low energy have a flat crystalline fracture showing many shiny
facets." True or false? - ✔✔True
✔✔"The drop weight test is a test for the toughness of the steel and is not used for
measuring toughness of weld metal or the heat affected zone." True or false? - ✔✔True
✔✔Complete the following statement -
"Attempts to relate the size of cracks, material toughness, and the stress to cause
fracture have evolved into the science of ....................... ." - ✔✔Fracture Mechanic
✔✔When hydrostatic testing a pressure vessel or pipe, failing special instruction, it is
usual to test at a pressure of - - ✔✔One and one half times the maximum working
pressure
✔✔What is the approximate diameter of the tensile specimen most often used for all-
weld metal tests? - ✔✔10 mm
✔✔High hardness values on steel can generally be related to: - ✔✔High strength and
low ductility
✔✔The nil-ductility transition temperature determined from a drop weight test refers to: -
✔✔the maximum temperature at which the specimen breaks
✔✔When a 30 m long steel cable supports an axial load, there is a strain of 0.25%, The
elongation of the cable with the load is: - ✔✔75mm
✔✔The module of elasticity (E) of steel is: - ✔✔207 000 MPa
✔✔Impact tests measure the: - ✔✔energy required to break a specimen
✔✔A guided root bend test on a weld would best reveal: - ✔✔lack of penetration of
fusion
✔✔Charpy test values: - ✔✔are used for qualification and quality control checks
✔✔A steel bar of square cross-section, 50 mm x 50 mm is subjected to a load of 213
kN.
What is the tensile stress in the bar? - ✔✔85.2 MPa
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔"Hydrogen will not cause cracking in a weld unless there is stress present." True or
false? - ✔✔True
✔✔Complete the following statement -
"In the heat affected zone of a carbon steel weld fast cooling rates will
form a hard ............................................ " - ✔✔Martensitic structure
✔✔Which of the following types of steel is the least susceptible to hydrogen cracking in
normal circumstances:
-Most carbon and steels used for structural,
-carbon manganese steels used for structural and pressure vessel applications,
-Carbon and low alloy steels with a carbon content of about 0.10% or less, Alloyed
steels with more than 0.10% carbon - ✔✔Carbon and low alloy steels with a carbon
content of about 0.10% or less
✔✔"Solidified weld metal will have a microstructure the same as that of the parent
material (plate)." True or false? - ✔✔False
✔✔Complete the following statement -
"The proportion of parent metal melted into the weld is known as the ....... "
In submerged arc welding, what are fluxes with a low potential for transferring often
called? - ✔✔Dilution
✔✔What effect does the presence of large quantities of oxides have on the Charpy
Vnotch impact energy? - ✔✔It is likely to be lower
✔✔What type of weld pool does high welding speed produce? - ✔✔A long weld pool
✔✔Centreline solidification cracking is most likely caused by: - ✔✔Welding too fast
✔✔When a carbon steel weldment is stress relieved at 625°C are there any major
changes in the microstructure? - ✔✔No
✔✔What is the full description of CTS ? - ✔✔Controlled Thermal Severity
✔✔A large ASTM grain size number indicates: - ✔✔A fine grain
✔✔What type of groove preparation does the Tekken test use? - ✔✔A sloping straight
Y groove
,✔✔What is the main reason for preheating a plate? - ✔✔To allow time for hydrogen
diffusion after the weld is made
✔✔"The risk of cracking from sulphur is even greater if the weld metal contains more
than about. ...................... of nickel." - ✔✔3%
✔✔An electric arc converts electrical energy into heat and light at a specific rate. At
what rate and light produced from an arc of 300 amps with an arc voltage of 25 volts? -
✔✔7500 joules per second
✔✔If a hard microstructure is formed in the HAZ, what is the only remaining factor than
can be controlled to prevent cracking? - ✔✔The amount of hydrogen
✔✔"At about ..................... hydrogen will have NO embrittling effect." - ✔✔150°C - 20°c
✔✔For steel, at which temperature is there a partial transformation to austenite? -
✔✔Exceeding 723°C
✔✔What type of cracking may be caused by excessive welding speeds? -
✔✔Solidification cracking along the centreline
✔✔Why would a multipass weld normally be tougher than a single pass weld? -
✔✔because the heat from one pass refines the grains of the previous pass
✔✔Complete the following sentence -
When a metal is subjected to load it will be resisted by internal forces within the metal.
The intensity of these forces through a given plane is known as ................................. ". -
✔✔Stress
✔✔Select the three ways in which a load can act on a cross-sectional area in a body;
Perpendicular, Tension, Angular, Compression, Heliaxial, Shear - ✔✔Tension,
Compression, Shear
✔✔"Strain is the extension divided by the original length. "True or false? - ✔✔True
✔✔The Modulus of Elasticity, "E", for steel is usually taken as - - ✔✔207 000 MPa
✔✔If a plot of stress against strain is made for a bar that undergoes plastic deformation,
the stress at which a permanent set is first recorded when the bar is unloaded is
known as - - ✔✔Elastic limit
✔✔"Stress is the load divided by the original cross-sectional area." True or false? -
✔✔True
,✔✔Complete the following statement -
"To carry out tensile tests, special machines are needed in order to exert the necessary
force. They are generally of two types ; ...................... and ............................... ." -
✔✔Mechanical and hydraulic
✔✔Complete the following sentence -
"If it is desired to measure the strain during a test, an .............. .is placed on the
specimen." - ✔✔Extensometer
✔✔Name the three types of guided bend tests. - ✔✔Face bend, root bend, side bend
✔✔Complete the following statement -
"After bending, the welds are examined for flaws or cracks. It is a condition of almost all
codes that the specimens shall be considered to have failed if, on examination of the
convex surface after bending, there is a crack or open defect exceeding .............. mm in
length measured in any direction.• - ✔✔3
✔✔What is the purpose of a nick break test? - ✔✔To reveal internal weld defects
✔✔Answer yes or no -
Does a hardness test give any indication of whether the material is readily weldable? -
✔✔Yes
✔✔Name the three types of hardness testing machines. - ✔✔Brinell, Vickers, Rockwell
✔✔Most hardness testing machines use the indentation test where a penetrator of a
given material, shape and size is forced into the surface of the material being tested by
a given load. However, one of the machines uses the principle of a bouncing hammer.
How does this hardness tester work? - ✔✔The rebound velocity of a tungsten carbide
hammer is measured electronically
and converted to a hardness value.
✔✔In the Rockwell C Scale what is the major load which is used? - ✔✔150 kg
✔✔Complete the following statement -
"It is essential that there be no friction in the loading system of the machine or a
............ .load will result." - ✔✔Lighter
✔✔When making a hardness test the thickness of the specimen is very important. As a
rule, the thickness should be - - ✔✔Ten times the depth of the impression
✔✔Complete the following sentence -
, "The most common toughness test is the .................... in which a notched specimen is
broken by a swinging pendulum and the amount of energy required to break the
specimen is recorded." - ✔✔Charpy Impact test
✔✔"If the fractured ends of an impact test specimen are examined, it is seen that brittle
specimens breaking with low energy have a flat crystalline fracture showing many shiny
facets." True or false? - ✔✔True
✔✔"The drop weight test is a test for the toughness of the steel and is not used for
measuring toughness of weld metal or the heat affected zone." True or false? - ✔✔True
✔✔Complete the following statement -
"Attempts to relate the size of cracks, material toughness, and the stress to cause
fracture have evolved into the science of ....................... ." - ✔✔Fracture Mechanic
✔✔When hydrostatic testing a pressure vessel or pipe, failing special instruction, it is
usual to test at a pressure of - - ✔✔One and one half times the maximum working
pressure
✔✔What is the approximate diameter of the tensile specimen most often used for all-
weld metal tests? - ✔✔10 mm
✔✔High hardness values on steel can generally be related to: - ✔✔High strength and
low ductility
✔✔The nil-ductility transition temperature determined from a drop weight test refers to: -
✔✔the maximum temperature at which the specimen breaks
✔✔When a 30 m long steel cable supports an axial load, there is a strain of 0.25%, The
elongation of the cable with the load is: - ✔✔75mm
✔✔The module of elasticity (E) of steel is: - ✔✔207 000 MPa
✔✔Impact tests measure the: - ✔✔energy required to break a specimen
✔✔A guided root bend test on a weld would best reveal: - ✔✔lack of penetration of
fusion
✔✔Charpy test values: - ✔✔are used for qualification and quality control checks
✔✔A steel bar of square cross-section, 50 mm x 50 mm is subjected to a load of 213
kN.
What is the tensile stress in the bar? - ✔✔85.2 MPa
