ENT 101 - TORONTO METROPOLITAN
UNIVERSITY FINAL TEST 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ acute bacterial rhinosinusitis diagnosis.
Answer: Primarily clinical, based on history and physical exam. CT scan is
indicated only in chronic or complicated cases, and MRI if tumors or fungal
infection are suspected
◍ Common trigger before acute otitis media.
Answer: Upper respiratory infection or allergic rhinitis
◍ cat scratch disease s&s.
Answer: Tender, regional unilateral lymphadenopathy (swollen, tender
lymph nodes that can suppurate) develops 1-2 weeks after the bite/scratch,
often in the neck and jaw (26% of cases). Systemic symptoms like aching,
malaise, and anorexia occur in 75% of patients, with fever in 9%.
Lymphadenopathy can persist for several months. Dissemination to liver,
spleen, eye, or CNS is possible.
◍ Mono differential.
Answer: CMV infection (mono-like symptoms, no exudates, negative
heterophile test), acute HIV infection (mono-like symptoms, negative
heterophile test, painful oral ulcers), HSV type 1
◍ sudden sensorineural hearing loss diagnosis.
Answer: Audiogram is essential. MRI of the brain and internal auditory
canals (IAC's) may be needed
◍ what defines recurrent AOM.
Answer: 3 or more infections in <6mos OR 4 infections in <12mos AND
have persistent effusion and/or flat tympanograms
,◍ epistaxis management.
Answer: First, assess ABCD's (airway, breathing, circulation, disability).
Apply direct pressure to the nose for 5-30 minutes without peeking. Other
interventions include gauze soaked with epinephrine or neosynephrine,
cautery (chemical with silver nitrate, or electrical), and nasal packing
(petroleum jelly gauze, merocel sponges, Rapid Rhino)
◍ where does submandibular duct open.
Answer: under base of tongue, near the frenulum
◍ Congenital cholesteatoma definition.
Answer: Middle ear cholesteatoma with intact TM and no surgery history
◍ Secondary acquired cholesteatoma.
Answer: Caused by TM perforation
◍ Peritonsillar Cellulitis & Abscess (Quinsy) etiology.
Answer: A polymicrobial infection (often including Group A Strep) of the
palatine tonsil and surrounding tissue. Cellulitis is tissue inflammation,
while an abscess involves a collection of pus. It can be a complication of
pharyngitis or occur independently
◍ BPPV management.
Answer: Epley maneuver (repositioning maneuver, ~90% resolution) and
Brandt-Daroff exercises (67-80% resolution at 3 months). These are
typically done by a physical therapist.
◍ laryngeal tumors overview.
Answer: Most commonly squamous cell carcinoma in men aged 50-70.
Glottic cancer presents with persistent hoarseness. Supraglottic cancers are
often discovered late due to airway obstruction or palpable metastatic lymph
nodesDx: CT, MRITx: surgery, radiation, chemo
◍ Avoid with TM perforation.
Answer: Over-the-counter ear drops
◍ nasopharyngeal & sinus tumors overview.
, Answer: Strong link to EBV. Symptoms can be non-specific, mimicking
rhinitis/sinusitis, but include unilateral SNHL, tinnitus, nasal
obstruction/pain, cranial nerve involvement (II-VI), unilateral otitis
media/discharge, recurrent epistaxis. Neck mass from regional lymph node
metastasis is the most common initial complaint (90%)Dx: CT, FNATx:
radiation, chemo for pts w/ intermediate or advanced stages
◍ where does parotid duct open.
Answer: opposite the second upper maxillary molar
◍ sialolithiasis etiology.
Answer: Presence of stones or calculi (composed of calcium phosphate,
hydroxyapatite, magnesium, potassium, and ammonium) in salivary glands
or ducts. Most commonly found in the submandibular glands (80-92%), due
to the long, large duct, slow saliva flow against gravity, and higher
mucin/calcium content in the saliva. The exact cause is unknown, possibly
related to stagnation of calcium-rich saliva. Not strongly linked to
hypercalcemia
◍ Mastoiditis definition.
Answer: Suppurative complication of acute otitis media
◍ strep pharyngitis diagnosis.
Answer: Rapid Antigen Detection Tests (RADT): Throat swabs are very
specific but not highly sensitive (30% false-negative rate in children).
Newer molecular assays are highly sensitive and specific. (Scoring System:
RADT may be performed if pediatric patients have ≥2 symptoms, or adults
≥3 symptoms: temperature >38°C, tender anterior cervical
lymphadenopathy, lack of cough, and tonsillar exudates.)In
children/adolescents, if RADT is negative but clinical suspicion is high, a
throat culture should be performed (unless a newer molecular assay is used).
CBC is not very specific.
◍ chronic rhinosinusitis s&s.
Answer: Symptoms persist for more than 3 months, including persistent
oropharyngeal drainage, chronic cough, and nasal congestion/stuffiness.
UNIVERSITY FINAL TEST 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ acute bacterial rhinosinusitis diagnosis.
Answer: Primarily clinical, based on history and physical exam. CT scan is
indicated only in chronic or complicated cases, and MRI if tumors or fungal
infection are suspected
◍ Common trigger before acute otitis media.
Answer: Upper respiratory infection or allergic rhinitis
◍ cat scratch disease s&s.
Answer: Tender, regional unilateral lymphadenopathy (swollen, tender
lymph nodes that can suppurate) develops 1-2 weeks after the bite/scratch,
often in the neck and jaw (26% of cases). Systemic symptoms like aching,
malaise, and anorexia occur in 75% of patients, with fever in 9%.
Lymphadenopathy can persist for several months. Dissemination to liver,
spleen, eye, or CNS is possible.
◍ Mono differential.
Answer: CMV infection (mono-like symptoms, no exudates, negative
heterophile test), acute HIV infection (mono-like symptoms, negative
heterophile test, painful oral ulcers), HSV type 1
◍ sudden sensorineural hearing loss diagnosis.
Answer: Audiogram is essential. MRI of the brain and internal auditory
canals (IAC's) may be needed
◍ what defines recurrent AOM.
Answer: 3 or more infections in <6mos OR 4 infections in <12mos AND
have persistent effusion and/or flat tympanograms
,◍ epistaxis management.
Answer: First, assess ABCD's (airway, breathing, circulation, disability).
Apply direct pressure to the nose for 5-30 minutes without peeking. Other
interventions include gauze soaked with epinephrine or neosynephrine,
cautery (chemical with silver nitrate, or electrical), and nasal packing
(petroleum jelly gauze, merocel sponges, Rapid Rhino)
◍ where does submandibular duct open.
Answer: under base of tongue, near the frenulum
◍ Congenital cholesteatoma definition.
Answer: Middle ear cholesteatoma with intact TM and no surgery history
◍ Secondary acquired cholesteatoma.
Answer: Caused by TM perforation
◍ Peritonsillar Cellulitis & Abscess (Quinsy) etiology.
Answer: A polymicrobial infection (often including Group A Strep) of the
palatine tonsil and surrounding tissue. Cellulitis is tissue inflammation,
while an abscess involves a collection of pus. It can be a complication of
pharyngitis or occur independently
◍ BPPV management.
Answer: Epley maneuver (repositioning maneuver, ~90% resolution) and
Brandt-Daroff exercises (67-80% resolution at 3 months). These are
typically done by a physical therapist.
◍ laryngeal tumors overview.
Answer: Most commonly squamous cell carcinoma in men aged 50-70.
Glottic cancer presents with persistent hoarseness. Supraglottic cancers are
often discovered late due to airway obstruction or palpable metastatic lymph
nodesDx: CT, MRITx: surgery, radiation, chemo
◍ Avoid with TM perforation.
Answer: Over-the-counter ear drops
◍ nasopharyngeal & sinus tumors overview.
, Answer: Strong link to EBV. Symptoms can be non-specific, mimicking
rhinitis/sinusitis, but include unilateral SNHL, tinnitus, nasal
obstruction/pain, cranial nerve involvement (II-VI), unilateral otitis
media/discharge, recurrent epistaxis. Neck mass from regional lymph node
metastasis is the most common initial complaint (90%)Dx: CT, FNATx:
radiation, chemo for pts w/ intermediate or advanced stages
◍ where does parotid duct open.
Answer: opposite the second upper maxillary molar
◍ sialolithiasis etiology.
Answer: Presence of stones or calculi (composed of calcium phosphate,
hydroxyapatite, magnesium, potassium, and ammonium) in salivary glands
or ducts. Most commonly found in the submandibular glands (80-92%), due
to the long, large duct, slow saliva flow against gravity, and higher
mucin/calcium content in the saliva. The exact cause is unknown, possibly
related to stagnation of calcium-rich saliva. Not strongly linked to
hypercalcemia
◍ Mastoiditis definition.
Answer: Suppurative complication of acute otitis media
◍ strep pharyngitis diagnosis.
Answer: Rapid Antigen Detection Tests (RADT): Throat swabs are very
specific but not highly sensitive (30% false-negative rate in children).
Newer molecular assays are highly sensitive and specific. (Scoring System:
RADT may be performed if pediatric patients have ≥2 symptoms, or adults
≥3 symptoms: temperature >38°C, tender anterior cervical
lymphadenopathy, lack of cough, and tonsillar exudates.)In
children/adolescents, if RADT is negative but clinical suspicion is high, a
throat culture should be performed (unless a newer molecular assay is used).
CBC is not very specific.
◍ chronic rhinosinusitis s&s.
Answer: Symptoms persist for more than 3 months, including persistent
oropharyngeal drainage, chronic cough, and nasal congestion/stuffiness.
