MDCII FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS || ALREADY GRADED A+ NEWEST VERSION

MDCII FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026 2027 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS || ALREADY GRADED A+ NEWEST VERSION 1. Abdominal assessment steps - ANSWER Inspection, auscultation, percussion, palpitation 2. What is Parenteral Nutrition (PN)? - ANSWER Complete nutrition given through IV, bypassing the digestive system 3. What nutrients are in Parenteral Nutrition (PN)? - ANSWER Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fluids 4. When is Parenteral Nutrition used? - ANSWER When patients cannot eat or absorb nutrients 5. Examples of conditions requiring Parenteral Nutrition - ANSWER Bowel obstruction, short bowel syndrome, severe illness, after surgery 6. What is ascites? - ANSWER Fluid buildup in the peritoneal cavity (abdomen) 7. Important nursing assessments for ascites - ANSWER Daily weight, measure abdominal girth, monitor intake & output 8. Other nursing interventions for ascites - ANSWER Monitor breathing and oxygen levels, low sodium diet, medication safety (diuretics) 9. Treatments for ascites - ANSWER Nutritional therapy, medications, paracentesis, TIPS procedure 10. What are esophageal varices? - ANSWER Dilated veins in the lower esophagus caused by portal hypertension 11. Common treatments for esophageal varices - ANSWER IV fluids, blood transfusions, medications, balloon tamponade, endoscopic banding 12. Advanced treatments for esophageal varices - ANSWER TIPS procedure, surgical bypass, devascularization 13. Main goals in managing esophageal varices - ANSWER Stop bleeding, lower portal pressure 14. What is hepatic encephalopathy? - ANSWER Brain dysfunction caused by high ammonia levels due to liver failure 15. Common signs of hepatic encephalopathy - ANSWER Confusion, mental status changes, sleep disturbances 16. Why do patients with Type 1 diabetes need insulin? - ANSWER Their body does not produce insulin 17. What substance is often present in Type 1 diabetes - ANSWER Ketones 18. Serious complication common in Type 1 diabetes - ANSWER Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) 19. Important teaching for patients with Type 1 diabetes - ANSWER Continue insulin during illness (nausea & vomiting) 20. Exercise teaching for Type 1 diabetes - ANSWER Eat carbohydrate snacks before exercise to prevent hypoglycemia 21. What is Type 2 diabetes? - ANSWER A condition where the body does not use insulin well or does not produce enough insulin, causing high blood sugar 22. Main problem in Type 2 diabetes - ANSWER Insulin resistance 23. Common risk factors for Type 2 diabetes - ANSWER Obesity, age over 30, family history 24. Which complication is more common in Type 2 diabetes? - ANSWER HHS (Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State) 25. Management of Type 2 diabetes - ANSWER Diet, exercise, oral medications, insulin, GLP-1 medications, weight loss 26. What causes DKA? - ANSWER Very low insulin → high blood sugar and ketone production 27. Common symptoms of DKA - ANSWER Excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain 28. classic sign of DKA - ANSWER Fruity breath 29. Priority electrolyte concern in DKA - ANSWER Potassium 30. Treatment for DKA - ANSWER Correct dehydration first, replace electrolytes, IV insulin infusion 31. What is HHS? - ANSWER Extremely high blood sugar causing severe dehydration, usually without ketones 32. What level of cancer prevention is a colonoscopy considered? - ANSWER Secondary 33. What lab value should the nurse monitor for a patient post-op thyroidectomy? - ANSWER Calcium 34. What condition might a patient with alcoholism and bruising in the flank area be expected to have? - ANSWER Hypomagnesemia 35. What diagnosis is indicated by a patient with a moon face and buffalo hump? - ANSWER Cushing's syndrome 36. What lab value is concerning for a patient with metastatic cancer? - ANSWER Calcium of 13.8 37. What dietary recommendations should be made for a patient with hyperthyroidism? - ANSWER Small frequent meals, high calories and protein 38. What signs indicate Diabetic Insipidus? - ANSWER Increased serum sodium 39. How should a nurse ensure education for a patient with type 1 diabetes regarding blood glucose monitoring? - ANSWER Have the patient return demonstration of both actions 40. What should a nurse expect to administer for a patient with hypocalcemia and tetany? - ANSWER Calcium gluconate IV 41. What lab values indicate a diabetic is well-controlled? - ANSWER Fasting blood glucose of 88 and HgA1c of 6 42. What is the first priority for a patient admitted for a peptic ulcer exacerbation? - ANSWER Assess the patient's abdomen and take an initial set of vitals 43. What meal should a patient with cholecystitis avoid? - ANSWER 3 piece fried chicken dinner from Popeyes with french fries and strawberry lemonade 44. What is the priority concern for a patient with RLQ pain and possible appendicitis? - ANSWER Infection from rupture 45. What risk is associated with a client having increased abdominal pain with peptic ulcer disease? - ANSWER Gastrointestinal perforation 46. What lab value would indicate SIADH? - ANSWER Decreased serum sodium 47. Which insulin should be administered IV for a patient suspected of having DKA? - ANSWER Regular insulin 48. What sign indicates hypocalcemia? - ANSWER Trousseau's sign