TEST BANK
Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives
Susan Krauss Whitbourne, and Stacey B. Whitbourne
8th Edition
,Table of Contents
Chapter 01 Themes and Issues in Adult Development and Aging 1
Chapter 02 Models of Development: Nature and Nurture in Adulthood 15
Chapter 03 The Study of Adult Development and Aging: Research Methods 30
Chapter 04 Physical Changes 45
Chapter 05 Health and Prevention 61
Chapter 06 Basic Cognitive Functions: Speed, Attention, and Memory 76
Chapter 07 Higher-order Cognitive Functions 90
Chapter 08 Personality 105
Chapter 09 Relationships 120
Chapter 10 Work, Retirement, and Leisure Patterns 134
Chapter 11 Mental Health Issues and Treatment 150
Chapter 12 Long-term Care 164
Chapter 13 Death and Dying 178
Chapter 14 Successful Aging 193
, Test Bank - Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, 8th Edition (Whitbourne, 2025)
Chapter 1
Themes and Issues in Adult Development and
Aging
As the opening chapter to the book, the material covered here provides the orientation to the course. There is
enough material in this chapter to cover two to three lectures. During the first lecture, it is particularly important
to provide students with a sense of excitement about the field. Reflect on your own enthusiasm for teaching this
topic and, if appropriate, relate personal experiences that have led you to want to become involved in adult
development and aging. It would also be useful to find out why students have chosen to taken the course, as it is
quite likely that many of them are there for personal reasons as well.
LECTURE GUIDELINES
There is a logical break between the theoretical issues in the first part of the chapter and the demographic
material presented at the end. The lecture on demography can begin with a discussion of current issues relevant
to aging, such as the effect on the population of the "graying of America". A discussion of the "Baby Boomers"
would also be interesting, as many of the students have parents, or possibly grandparents, in this generation. You
can also encourage students to contrast their views about Baby Boomers with “Millennials,” “Gen-X’ers,” and the
like. Ask them if they believe that generational labels are helpful in understanding the behavior of individuals.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE
Why is the biopsychosocial perspective important?
How does the material in this course relate to other courses that you have taken which employ an interdisciplinary
perspective?
FOUR PRINCIPLES OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING
Do you feel that you are a different person than you were when you were younger?
Do you know of individuals who illustrate the principle of individual differences in development?
What are the important intraindividual dimensions that psychologists should study?
What are the implications for the field when you consider that the only people we can study in old age are those
who survived?
How can you be a survivor?
Name some changes that you think are age-related and see if they are in fact age- or disease-related.
How many of the CDC "Five Ways to Shorten Your Life" lifestyle habits do you follow?
THE MEANING OF AGE
How would you define a person as an "adult"? Do you feel that you qualify as an adult? What are appropriate
criteria to use for this distinction other than or in addition to age?
What are the pros and cons of using these age-based divisions?
How could the alternative indices of age be implemented in a practical sense so that they would replace
chronological age?
Can you come up with examples of influences on development that have affected you?
KEY SOCIAL FACTORS IN ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING
How is your identity affected by your gender?
Why is race a difficult concept to measure?
Do you feel that the U.S. Census measure of race is an appropriate one? What might be its problems?
How has your social class affected your own life so far?
1|Page
, Test Bank - Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, 8th Edition (Whitbourne, 2025)
How do you think social class will affect your life in the future?
What sorts of influences do you think that social class has on people's lives and why is it important in
development?
How has your religion affected your own development?
Why do you think religion has not been examined in previous research on adult development and aging?
THE BABY BOOMERS GROW UP: CHANGES IN THE MIDDLE -AGED AND OLDER POPULATION
IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE WORLD
What are the implications of an aging population?
Will the aging Baby Boomers change the way that we think about aging, or have they done so already? Who are
famous aging Baby Boomers you can think of in the media who defy traditional stereotypes?
What are the implications of changes in the racial and ethnic distribution of the aging population?
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
AGING TODAY
1. SUBJECTIVE AGE
Difficulty: Hard
Correct choice: B
Research on adaptation to aging suggests that the most important factor determining your health, happiness, and
longevity may very well be your ______ age.
A. chronological
B. subjective
C. biological
D. sociological
THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE
2. DEFINITION- CHOICE
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: A
The term __________ captures the concept that aging involves an interaction among processes such as physical
changes, cognition, and social context:
A. biopsychosocial
B. physiocultural
C. multidirectional
D. transformational
3. BIOLOGICAL EXAMPLE- STEM
Of the following areas of aging, which would be considered a “biological” component of the biopsychosocial
model?
A. Changes in muscle mass.
B. Loss of a spouse.
C. Retirement from a job.
D. Gains in vocabulary skills.
2|Page
, Test Bank - Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, 8th Edition (Whitbourne, 2025)
4. SOCIOCULTURAL EXAMPLE- CHOICE
Difficulty: Easy
Correct choice: C
Which of the following would be considered a “social” age-related factor in the biopsychosocial perspective?
A. Improving in wisdom.
B. Losing muscle strength.
C. Becoming a grandparent.
D. Increasing in conscientiousness.
5. SOCIOCULTURAL EXAMPLE- STEM
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: B
The changes that individuals experience in income and residence when they retire and move out of the home
where they spent their working lives would fall into the ____________ domain of the biopsychosocial model.
A. psychological
B. sociocultural
C. biological
D. cognitive
6. PSYCHOLOGICAL- CHOICE
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: D
Changes over time in an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors as they cope with the physical changes
involved in aging fall into which domain of the biopsychosocial perspective toward aging?
A. Sociocultural
B. Biological
C. Gerontological
D. Psychological
FOUR PRINCIPLES OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING
7. CONTINUITY OF CHANGES- STEM
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: C
According to the continuity principle of adult development and aging, the experiences you have as a young adult
will play what role in your development?
A. Young people are able to make up for any damage they do their bodies when they get older.
B. The friends people have in their college years will most likely be the same ones they have later in life.
C. People retain their identities about as they get older, even though their appearance changes.
D. Older adults would prefer to be treated as “old” rather than as the people they were when younger.
3|Page
, Test Bank - Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, 8th Edition (Whitbourne, 2025)
8. CONTINUITY OF CHANGES- CHOICE
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: B
The ________________ principle of adult development and aging proposes that changes build on themselves over
life in a cumulative fashion.
A. selection
B. continuity
C. individuality
D. normative
9. THE SURVIVORS GROW OLD- CHOICE
Difficulty: Easy
Correct choice: D
Because the _____________ are the individuals we study in later life, researchers caution that the findings may
not be true for everyone born in a given period of time.
A. institutionalized
B. less able
C. young-old
D. survivors
10. SURVIVOR BEHAVIORS
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: B
Which of the following might account for the fact that the people who live to old age are the “survivors”?
A. They ate foods that are rich in dietary cholesterol.
B. Their families provided a strong support network.
C. They have lived a life in which they took high risks.
D. They avoided exercising or being too physically active.
11. IMPLICATIONS OF SURVIVOR PRINCIPLE
Difficulty: Hard
Correct choice: D
How does the fact that older adults are survivors influence research on aging?
A. Researchers must adapt their test instruments to accommodate them.
B. Healthy older adults tend to be the exception rather than the rule.
C. Psychological studies have less validity than studies on biology of aging.
D. The available samples are positively selected on important characteristics.
12. CIGARETTE SMOKING- CHOICE
Difficulty: Easy
Correct choice: A
4|Page
, Test Bank - Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, 8th Edition (Whitbourne, 2025)
The Centers for Disease Control regards which of the following as one of the five most important "bad habits" that
can reduce the quality and quantity of a person's life?
A. Cigarette smoking.
B. Eating too many fruits and vegetables.
C. Taking in too little alcohol.
D. Being underweight.
13. INTERINDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES EXAMPLE-CHOICE
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: A
75-year-old Mrs. A. has difficulty with her vision due to cataracts but her friend Mrs. B., also 75, can see perfectly.
However, Mrs. B.’s arthritis makes it difficult for her to walk while Mrs. A. recently ran a senior marathon. This
example illustrates which principle of adult development and aging?
A. Interindividual differences.
B. Normal aging is different from disease.
C. Survivors are an increasingly select group.
D. Changes are continuous over the life span.
14. MULTIDIRECTIONALITY EXAMPLE- CHOICE
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: B
A 77-year-old man has loved to jog for his entire life, and he is still able to keep up a pretty good pace. However,
he is suffering hearing loss which makes it difficult for him to enjoy the music he likes to play while out on his run.
In addition, he’s noticing that it’s getting harder for him to see the street signs unless the sun is brightly shining.
This man illustrates which principle of aging?
A. continuity
B. multidirectionality
C. survivor effects
D. tertiary aging
15. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN HIPPOCAMPUS
Difficulty: .80
Correct choice: C
Researchers studying the volume of the hippocampus within the brain showed the importance of examining
individual differences in aging by finding that:
A. most of the adults 70 and older had greater hippocampal volume than the younger adults.
B. the overall direction of hippocampal volume change was slightly positive starting at age 30.
C. at least some older adults studied had equal or higher brain volume than some young adults.
D. the greatest variation in hippocampal volume occurred among adults who were in their late 20s.
16. MULTIDIRECTIONALITY- CHOICE
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: B
The idea there are differences within the individual in the rate of aging is referred to as:
5|Page
, Test Bank - Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, 8th Edition (Whitbourne, 2025)
A. interindividual variability.
B. multidirectionality.
C. personal aging.
D. nonnormative influences.
17. INDIVIDUALITY- CHOICE
Difficulty: Hard
Correct choice: C
The idea that people become more different from each other as they grow older is known as the principle that:
A. changes are continuous.
B. aging is interdisciplinary.
C. individuality matters.
D. only the survivors grow old.
18. TERTIARY AGING - CHOICE
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: A
The rapid loss of functioning that individuals may experience at the very end of their lives is known as _________
aging:
A. tertiary
B. primary
C. normal
D. accelerated
19. NORMAL AGING- STEM
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: D
Changes due to normal aging include which type of processes?
A. Abnormal and disease-related
B. Sudden and rapid
C. Preventative and compensatory
D. Universal and progressive
20. NORMAL AGING EXAMPLE- STEM
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: B
Which of the following would be considered an example of “normal” age-related psychological changes?
A. lowering of self-esteem
B. moderation of personal qualities
C. development of sleep problems
D. losing interest in hobbies
6|Page
, Test Bank - Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, 8th Edition (Whitbourne, 2025)
21. SECONDARY AGING EXAMPLE- STEM
Difficulty: Easy
Correct choice: B
Which of the following is considered an example of secondary aging?
A. Developing diabetes at the age of 67.
B. Marrying for the third time at age 55.
C. Working part-time at the age of 72.
D. Moving to a retirement community at age 62.
22. SECONDARY AGING EXAMPLE- CHOICE
Difficulty: Hard
Correct choice: C
Due to the process of ______ aging, an older adult may develop a disease such as skin cancer after years of
exposure to the sun.
A. primary
B. tertiary
C. secondary
D. normal
THE MEANING OF AGE
23. YOUNG-OLD
Difficulty: Easy
Correct choice: D
A term in gerontology used to refer to people who are in the age group of 65-74 is:
A. oldest-old
B. middle-old
C. healthy-old
D. young-old
24. OLD-OLD- STEM
Difficulty: Easy
Correct choice: B
People referred to as “old-old” have which specific characteristic?
A. Prematurely gray and wrinkled
B. Between the ages of 75-84
C. Retire after the age of 65
D. Become grandparents in middle age
25. OLDEST-OLD
Difficulty: Easy
Correct choice: C
7|Page
, Test Bank - Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, 8th Edition (Whitbourne, 2025)
A centenarian falls technically into the category of which division of the older adult population?
A. young-old
B. oldest old
C. old-old
D. super-old
26. SUPERCENTENARIAN- STEM
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: D
People now considered supercentenarians, such as Jeanne Louise Calment, live past the age of:
A. 100.
B. 90.
C. 130.
D. 110.
27. PSYCHOLOGICAL AGE
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: A
The index of age that represents a person's functioning on measures such as intelligence, memory, and learning
ability is called ___________ age.
A. Psychological
B. Social
C. Biological
D. Secondary
28. SOCIAL AGE- STEM
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: D
A world-class tennis player decides to end her career and retire at the age of 24. Her _____ age would be
approximately 65 years old.
A. psychological
B. biological
C. physiological
D. social
29. EMERGING ADULTHOOD- STEM
Difficulty: Easy
Correct choice: B
Individuals who are in the period of emerging adulthood are likely to show which qualities?
A. Early signs of the normal aging process.
B. Transition to responsible family and work roles.
C. Difficulties in interacting with older family members.
D. Psychological but not physiological maturity.
8|Page
Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives
Susan Krauss Whitbourne, and Stacey B. Whitbourne
8th Edition
,Table of Contents
Chapter 01 Themes and Issues in Adult Development and Aging 1
Chapter 02 Models of Development: Nature and Nurture in Adulthood 15
Chapter 03 The Study of Adult Development and Aging: Research Methods 30
Chapter 04 Physical Changes 45
Chapter 05 Health and Prevention 61
Chapter 06 Basic Cognitive Functions: Speed, Attention, and Memory 76
Chapter 07 Higher-order Cognitive Functions 90
Chapter 08 Personality 105
Chapter 09 Relationships 120
Chapter 10 Work, Retirement, and Leisure Patterns 134
Chapter 11 Mental Health Issues and Treatment 150
Chapter 12 Long-term Care 164
Chapter 13 Death and Dying 178
Chapter 14 Successful Aging 193
, Test Bank - Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, 8th Edition (Whitbourne, 2025)
Chapter 1
Themes and Issues in Adult Development and
Aging
As the opening chapter to the book, the material covered here provides the orientation to the course. There is
enough material in this chapter to cover two to three lectures. During the first lecture, it is particularly important
to provide students with a sense of excitement about the field. Reflect on your own enthusiasm for teaching this
topic and, if appropriate, relate personal experiences that have led you to want to become involved in adult
development and aging. It would also be useful to find out why students have chosen to taken the course, as it is
quite likely that many of them are there for personal reasons as well.
LECTURE GUIDELINES
There is a logical break between the theoretical issues in the first part of the chapter and the demographic
material presented at the end. The lecture on demography can begin with a discussion of current issues relevant
to aging, such as the effect on the population of the "graying of America". A discussion of the "Baby Boomers"
would also be interesting, as many of the students have parents, or possibly grandparents, in this generation. You
can also encourage students to contrast their views about Baby Boomers with “Millennials,” “Gen-X’ers,” and the
like. Ask them if they believe that generational labels are helpful in understanding the behavior of individuals.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE
Why is the biopsychosocial perspective important?
How does the material in this course relate to other courses that you have taken which employ an interdisciplinary
perspective?
FOUR PRINCIPLES OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING
Do you feel that you are a different person than you were when you were younger?
Do you know of individuals who illustrate the principle of individual differences in development?
What are the important intraindividual dimensions that psychologists should study?
What are the implications for the field when you consider that the only people we can study in old age are those
who survived?
How can you be a survivor?
Name some changes that you think are age-related and see if they are in fact age- or disease-related.
How many of the CDC "Five Ways to Shorten Your Life" lifestyle habits do you follow?
THE MEANING OF AGE
How would you define a person as an "adult"? Do you feel that you qualify as an adult? What are appropriate
criteria to use for this distinction other than or in addition to age?
What are the pros and cons of using these age-based divisions?
How could the alternative indices of age be implemented in a practical sense so that they would replace
chronological age?
Can you come up with examples of influences on development that have affected you?
KEY SOCIAL FACTORS IN ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING
How is your identity affected by your gender?
Why is race a difficult concept to measure?
Do you feel that the U.S. Census measure of race is an appropriate one? What might be its problems?
How has your social class affected your own life so far?
1|Page
, Test Bank - Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, 8th Edition (Whitbourne, 2025)
How do you think social class will affect your life in the future?
What sorts of influences do you think that social class has on people's lives and why is it important in
development?
How has your religion affected your own development?
Why do you think religion has not been examined in previous research on adult development and aging?
THE BABY BOOMERS GROW UP: CHANGES IN THE MIDDLE -AGED AND OLDER POPULATION
IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE WORLD
What are the implications of an aging population?
Will the aging Baby Boomers change the way that we think about aging, or have they done so already? Who are
famous aging Baby Boomers you can think of in the media who defy traditional stereotypes?
What are the implications of changes in the racial and ethnic distribution of the aging population?
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
AGING TODAY
1. SUBJECTIVE AGE
Difficulty: Hard
Correct choice: B
Research on adaptation to aging suggests that the most important factor determining your health, happiness, and
longevity may very well be your ______ age.
A. chronological
B. subjective
C. biological
D. sociological
THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE
2. DEFINITION- CHOICE
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: A
The term __________ captures the concept that aging involves an interaction among processes such as physical
changes, cognition, and social context:
A. biopsychosocial
B. physiocultural
C. multidirectional
D. transformational
3. BIOLOGICAL EXAMPLE- STEM
Of the following areas of aging, which would be considered a “biological” component of the biopsychosocial
model?
A. Changes in muscle mass.
B. Loss of a spouse.
C. Retirement from a job.
D. Gains in vocabulary skills.
2|Page
, Test Bank - Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, 8th Edition (Whitbourne, 2025)
4. SOCIOCULTURAL EXAMPLE- CHOICE
Difficulty: Easy
Correct choice: C
Which of the following would be considered a “social” age-related factor in the biopsychosocial perspective?
A. Improving in wisdom.
B. Losing muscle strength.
C. Becoming a grandparent.
D. Increasing in conscientiousness.
5. SOCIOCULTURAL EXAMPLE- STEM
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: B
The changes that individuals experience in income and residence when they retire and move out of the home
where they spent their working lives would fall into the ____________ domain of the biopsychosocial model.
A. psychological
B. sociocultural
C. biological
D. cognitive
6. PSYCHOLOGICAL- CHOICE
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: D
Changes over time in an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors as they cope with the physical changes
involved in aging fall into which domain of the biopsychosocial perspective toward aging?
A. Sociocultural
B. Biological
C. Gerontological
D. Psychological
FOUR PRINCIPLES OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING
7. CONTINUITY OF CHANGES- STEM
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: C
According to the continuity principle of adult development and aging, the experiences you have as a young adult
will play what role in your development?
A. Young people are able to make up for any damage they do their bodies when they get older.
B. The friends people have in their college years will most likely be the same ones they have later in life.
C. People retain their identities about as they get older, even though their appearance changes.
D. Older adults would prefer to be treated as “old” rather than as the people they were when younger.
3|Page
, Test Bank - Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, 8th Edition (Whitbourne, 2025)
8. CONTINUITY OF CHANGES- CHOICE
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: B
The ________________ principle of adult development and aging proposes that changes build on themselves over
life in a cumulative fashion.
A. selection
B. continuity
C. individuality
D. normative
9. THE SURVIVORS GROW OLD- CHOICE
Difficulty: Easy
Correct choice: D
Because the _____________ are the individuals we study in later life, researchers caution that the findings may
not be true for everyone born in a given period of time.
A. institutionalized
B. less able
C. young-old
D. survivors
10. SURVIVOR BEHAVIORS
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: B
Which of the following might account for the fact that the people who live to old age are the “survivors”?
A. They ate foods that are rich in dietary cholesterol.
B. Their families provided a strong support network.
C. They have lived a life in which they took high risks.
D. They avoided exercising or being too physically active.
11. IMPLICATIONS OF SURVIVOR PRINCIPLE
Difficulty: Hard
Correct choice: D
How does the fact that older adults are survivors influence research on aging?
A. Researchers must adapt their test instruments to accommodate them.
B. Healthy older adults tend to be the exception rather than the rule.
C. Psychological studies have less validity than studies on biology of aging.
D. The available samples are positively selected on important characteristics.
12. CIGARETTE SMOKING- CHOICE
Difficulty: Easy
Correct choice: A
4|Page
, Test Bank - Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, 8th Edition (Whitbourne, 2025)
The Centers for Disease Control regards which of the following as one of the five most important "bad habits" that
can reduce the quality and quantity of a person's life?
A. Cigarette smoking.
B. Eating too many fruits and vegetables.
C. Taking in too little alcohol.
D. Being underweight.
13. INTERINDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES EXAMPLE-CHOICE
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: A
75-year-old Mrs. A. has difficulty with her vision due to cataracts but her friend Mrs. B., also 75, can see perfectly.
However, Mrs. B.’s arthritis makes it difficult for her to walk while Mrs. A. recently ran a senior marathon. This
example illustrates which principle of adult development and aging?
A. Interindividual differences.
B. Normal aging is different from disease.
C. Survivors are an increasingly select group.
D. Changes are continuous over the life span.
14. MULTIDIRECTIONALITY EXAMPLE- CHOICE
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: B
A 77-year-old man has loved to jog for his entire life, and he is still able to keep up a pretty good pace. However,
he is suffering hearing loss which makes it difficult for him to enjoy the music he likes to play while out on his run.
In addition, he’s noticing that it’s getting harder for him to see the street signs unless the sun is brightly shining.
This man illustrates which principle of aging?
A. continuity
B. multidirectionality
C. survivor effects
D. tertiary aging
15. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN HIPPOCAMPUS
Difficulty: .80
Correct choice: C
Researchers studying the volume of the hippocampus within the brain showed the importance of examining
individual differences in aging by finding that:
A. most of the adults 70 and older had greater hippocampal volume than the younger adults.
B. the overall direction of hippocampal volume change was slightly positive starting at age 30.
C. at least some older adults studied had equal or higher brain volume than some young adults.
D. the greatest variation in hippocampal volume occurred among adults who were in their late 20s.
16. MULTIDIRECTIONALITY- CHOICE
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: B
The idea there are differences within the individual in the rate of aging is referred to as:
5|Page
, Test Bank - Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, 8th Edition (Whitbourne, 2025)
A. interindividual variability.
B. multidirectionality.
C. personal aging.
D. nonnormative influences.
17. INDIVIDUALITY- CHOICE
Difficulty: Hard
Correct choice: C
The idea that people become more different from each other as they grow older is known as the principle that:
A. changes are continuous.
B. aging is interdisciplinary.
C. individuality matters.
D. only the survivors grow old.
18. TERTIARY AGING - CHOICE
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: A
The rapid loss of functioning that individuals may experience at the very end of their lives is known as _________
aging:
A. tertiary
B. primary
C. normal
D. accelerated
19. NORMAL AGING- STEM
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: D
Changes due to normal aging include which type of processes?
A. Abnormal and disease-related
B. Sudden and rapid
C. Preventative and compensatory
D. Universal and progressive
20. NORMAL AGING EXAMPLE- STEM
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: B
Which of the following would be considered an example of “normal” age-related psychological changes?
A. lowering of self-esteem
B. moderation of personal qualities
C. development of sleep problems
D. losing interest in hobbies
6|Page
, Test Bank - Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, 8th Edition (Whitbourne, 2025)
21. SECONDARY AGING EXAMPLE- STEM
Difficulty: Easy
Correct choice: B
Which of the following is considered an example of secondary aging?
A. Developing diabetes at the age of 67.
B. Marrying for the third time at age 55.
C. Working part-time at the age of 72.
D. Moving to a retirement community at age 62.
22. SECONDARY AGING EXAMPLE- CHOICE
Difficulty: Hard
Correct choice: C
Due to the process of ______ aging, an older adult may develop a disease such as skin cancer after years of
exposure to the sun.
A. primary
B. tertiary
C. secondary
D. normal
THE MEANING OF AGE
23. YOUNG-OLD
Difficulty: Easy
Correct choice: D
A term in gerontology used to refer to people who are in the age group of 65-74 is:
A. oldest-old
B. middle-old
C. healthy-old
D. young-old
24. OLD-OLD- STEM
Difficulty: Easy
Correct choice: B
People referred to as “old-old” have which specific characteristic?
A. Prematurely gray and wrinkled
B. Between the ages of 75-84
C. Retire after the age of 65
D. Become grandparents in middle age
25. OLDEST-OLD
Difficulty: Easy
Correct choice: C
7|Page
, Test Bank - Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, 8th Edition (Whitbourne, 2025)
A centenarian falls technically into the category of which division of the older adult population?
A. young-old
B. oldest old
C. old-old
D. super-old
26. SUPERCENTENARIAN- STEM
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: D
People now considered supercentenarians, such as Jeanne Louise Calment, live past the age of:
A. 100.
B. 90.
C. 130.
D. 110.
27. PSYCHOLOGICAL AGE
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: A
The index of age that represents a person's functioning on measures such as intelligence, memory, and learning
ability is called ___________ age.
A. Psychological
B. Social
C. Biological
D. Secondary
28. SOCIAL AGE- STEM
Difficulty: Moderate
Correct choice: D
A world-class tennis player decides to end her career and retire at the age of 24. Her _____ age would be
approximately 65 years old.
A. psychological
B. biological
C. physiological
D. social
29. EMERGING ADULTHOOD- STEM
Difficulty: Easy
Correct choice: B
Individuals who are in the period of emerging adulthood are likely to show which qualities?
A. Early signs of the normal aging process.
B. Transition to responsible family and work roles.
C. Difficulties in interacting with older family members.
D. Psychological but not physiological maturity.
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