TESTBANK n
A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 11TH EDITION
n n n n n n
Patrick J. Hurley
n n
,Chapter 1 Test A
n n n
MULTIPLEnCHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS:nThenfollowingnselectionsnrelatentondistinguishingnargumentsnfromnnonargumentsna
ndnidentifyingnconclusions.nSelectnthenbestnanswernforneach.
1. nTherenappearsntonbenangrowingnhappinessngapnbetweennmennandnwomen.nWomenntodaynarenworkingn
morenandnrelaxingnless,nwhilenmennarenworkingnlessnandnrelaxingnmore.nFortynyearsnagonantypicalnwo
mannspentn40nminutesnmorenpernweeknthannthentypicalnmannperformingnannactivitynconsiderednunplea
sant.nToday,nwithnmennworkingnless,nthengapnisn90nminutesnandngrowing.
a. Argument;nconclusion:nTodayn...nthengapnisn90nminutesnandngrowing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;nconclusion:nFortynyearsnagon...nannactivitynconsiderednunpleasant.
d. Argument;nconclusion:nTherenappearsntonben...nbetweennmennandnwomen.
e. Argument;nconclusion:nWomenntodaynarenworkingnmorenandnrelaxingnless.
ANS:n D PTS:n n 2
2. Leadnisntoxic,nbutndonyounknownwhy?nLeadnisntoxicnmainlynbecausenitnpreferentiallynreplacesnothernmeta
lsninnbiochemicalnreactions.nInnsondoingnitninterferesnwithnthenproteinsnthatnregulatenbloodnpressuren(whi
chncanncausendevelopmentndelaysninnchildrennandnhighnbloodnpressureninnadults),nhemenproductionn(whi
chncannleadntonanemia),nandnspermnproduction.nLeadnalsondisplacesncalciumninnthenreactionsnthatntransm
itnelectricalnimpulsesninnthenbrain,nwhichndiminishesnthenabilityntonthinknandnrecallninformation.
AnnenMarienHelmstine,n"YournGuidentonChemistry"
a. Argument;nconclusion:nItninterferesnwithnthenproteinsn...nandnspermnproduction.
b. Argument;nconclusion:nLeadnisntoxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;nconclusion:nItnpreferentiallynreplacesnothernmetalsninnbiochemicalnreactions.
e. Argument;nconclusion:nLeadnalsondisplacesncalciumn...nrecallninformation.
ANS:n C PTS:n n 2
3. Aristotlenfocusednonnclarifyingnthenconceptnofnvirtuenitself.nHenarguednthatnitnwasnvirtuousntonchoosenthen
propernamountnofnemotionnand/ornactionncallednforninnanparticularnsituationnandnthatnextremesnofnemotion
nandnactionnwerenvices.nInnallncommunitiesntherenarensomenmennofnpracticalnwisdomnwhonhaventhencapac
ityntonjudgenwisely.nAristotlenarguednthatntheynhaventhencapacityntonfollownthen"rightnrule"nwhatevernthens
ituation.
DavidnCooper,nValuenPluralismnandnEthicalnChoice
a. Argument;nconclusion:nInnallncommunitiesn...ncapacityntonjudgenwisely.
b. Argument;nconclusion:nAristotlenfocusednonnclarifyingnthenconceptnofnvirtuenitself.
c. Argument;nconclusion:nTheynhaventhencapacityntonfollown...nthensituation.
d. Argument;nconclusion:nHenarguednthatnitnwasnvirtuousn...nwerenvices
e. Nonargument.
ANS:n E PTS:n n 2
4. Illegalnimmigrantsnpaynlocalnsalesntaxes,nandnmanynofnthemnalsonpaynstate,nlocal,nandnfederalnincomentaxn
andnSocialnSecurityntax.nTheynalsonpurchasenitemsnfromnlocalnmerchants,nincreasingnthenamountnthesenm
erchantsnpayninntaxes.nInnaddition,ntheynworknfornlownsalaries,nwhichnincreasesnthenearningsnofntheirnempl
oyersnandnthenamountnofntaxesnthesenemployersnpay.nThus,nitnisnnotncorrectntonsaynthatnillegalnimmigrantsn
contributennothingntonthencommunitiesninnwhichntheynlive.
a. Argument;nconclusion:nItnisnnotncorrectntonsayn...ncommunitiesninnwhichntheynlive.
1
, b. Argument;nconclusion:nTheynworknfornlownsalariesn...nthesenemployersnpay.
c. Argument;nconclusion:nIllegalnimmigrantsnpayn...nSocialnSecurityntax.
d. Argument;nconclusion:nTheynalsonpurchasenitemsn...npayninntaxes.
e. Nonargument.
ANS:n A PTS:n n 2
5. Numerousnstudiesnhavenindicatednthatnwomennofncolor,nblacknwomenninnparticular,narenover-
arrested,nover-indicted,nandnover-sentenced.nAfrican-
Americannwomennarensevenntimesnmorenlikelyntonbenarrestednfornprostitutionnthannwomennofnothernethni
cngroups.nBlacknwomennhavenreceivednsignificantlynlongernsentencesnforncrimesnagainstnpropertynandnse
rvednlongernperiodsninnprison.nFornbothnmurdernandndrugnoffenses,nEuroamericannwomennendednupnserv
ingnone-thirdnlessntimenfornthensamenoffensesnthannblacknwomen.
NancynKurshan,n"WomennandnImprisonmentninnthenU.S."
a. Argument;nconclusion:nAfrican-Americannwomenn...nothernethnicngroups.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;nconclusion:nFornbothnmurdernandndrugnoffensesn...nblacknwomen.
d. Argument;nconclusion:nNumerousnstudiesnhavenindicatedn...nover-sentenced.
e. Argument;nconclusion:nBlacknwomennhavenreceivedn...nlongernperiodsninnprison.
ANS:n B PTS:n n 2
6. It'snevennmorenimportantnthesendaysnthatnyourncomputernbenprotectednbynanfirewall.nTherenarencriminalnel
ementsnlurkingninnthenshadowsnofncyberspacenwhonsendnoutnprobesntondetectnunprotectednPCs.nOncenanvu
lnerablencomputernisnfound,nthesencriminalsninstallnsoftwarenthatnassistsnthemninncommittingnidentitynthe
ftnandnfencingnstolennIDs.nTheynalsondefraudnonlinenadvertisersnbynusingnthesenzombiencomputersntonvisi
tnpay-per-clicknads.
a. Argument;nconclusion:nTherenarencriminalnelementsn...ntondetectnunprotectednPCs.
b. Argument;nconclusion:nOncenanvulnerablencomputern...nfencingnstolennIDs.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;nconclusion:nTheynalsondefraudn...ntonvisitnpay-per-clicknads.
e. Argument;nconclusion:nIt'snevennmorenimportantn...nprotectednbynanfirewall.
ANS:n E PTS:n n 2
7. Thenearthnisnofninterestntonastronomynfornmanynreasons.nNearlynallnobservationsnmustnbenmadenthroughnth
enatmosphere,nandnthenphenomenanofnthenuppernatmospherenandnthenmagnetospherenreflectnthenstatenofnint
erplanetarynspace.nThenearthnisnalsonthenmostnimportantnobjectnofncomparisonnfornplanetologists.
HannunKarttunen,netnal.,nFundamentalnAstronomy
a. Argument;nconclusion:nThenphenomenan...nstatenofninterplanetarynspace.
b. Argument;nconclusion:nThenearthnisnalson...nfornplanetologists.
c. Argument;nconclusion:nThenearthnisnofninterestntonastronomy.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument;nconclusion:nNearlynallnobservationsn...nthroughnthenatmosphere.
ANS:n C PTS:n n 2
8. Ifnthentradeninntigernproductsnisnbanned,ntigernreservesnarenguardednbynwellnequippednstaff,ncommunitiesn
abuttingntigernhabitatnarengivennanstakeninnprotectingntigers,nandnthenmakersnofntraditionalnmedicinesncann
benpersuadednthatntigernpartsnarennotnneeded,nthenntigernpoachingnwillnbenhalted,nhabitatnandnlifensustaini
ngnpreynwillnbenrestored,nandnthenimmanentnextinctionnofntigersninnthenwildnwillnbenaverted.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument;nconclusion:nThentradeninntigernproductsnisnbanned.
c. Argument;nconclusion:nTigernpoachingnwillnbenhalted.
d. Argument;nconclusion:nThenmakersnofntraditionalnmedicinesn...nnotnneeded.
2
, e. Argument;nconclusion:nTigernpoachingnwillnbenhaltedn...nwillnbenaverted.
ANS:n A PTS:n n 2
9. Humansnarenbiologicalnorganisms.nTonunderstandnournbehaviornandnmentalnprocesses,nwenneedntonunde
rstandntheirnbiologicalnunderpinnings,nstartingnwithnthencellularnlevel,nthenneuron.nHownwenfeel,nlearn,nr
emember,nandnthinknallnstemnfromnneuronalnactivity.nSo,nhownanneuronnworksnandnhownneuronsncommu
nicatenarencrucialnpiecesnofninformationninnsolvingnthenpuzzlenofnhumannbehaviornandnmentalnprocessin
g.
RichardnGriggs,nPsychology:nAnConcisenIntroduction
a. Argument;nconclusion:nTonunderstandnournbehaviorn...nthenneuron.
b. Argument;nconclusion:nHumansnarenbiologicalnorganisms.
c. Argument;nconclusion:nHownwenfeeln...nneuronalnactivity.
d. Argument;nconclusion:nHownanneuronnworksn...nmentalnprocessing.
e. Nonargument.
ANS:n D PTS:n n 2
10. Virusesnarenacellularnentitiesntoonsmallntonbenseennwithnanlightnmicroscope.nTheynarencomposednofnannucl
eicnacidnandnanfewnproteins.nVirusesnreplicatenthemselvesnandndisplaynothernpropertiesnofnlivingnorganis
msnonlynwhenntheynhaveninvadednlivingncells.nIndeed,nsomenvirusesncannbencrystallizednandnstoredninnanc
ontainernonnanshelfnfornyears,nbutntheynretainnthencapacityntoninvadencellsnandncausendisease.
JacquelynnC.nBlack,nMicrobiology:nPrinciplesnandnExplorations
a. Argument;nconclusion:nTheynarencomposednofnannucleicnacidnandnanfewnproteins.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;nconclusion:nVirusesnarenacellularnentitiesn...nmicroscope.
d. Argument;nconclusion:nIndeed,nsomenvirusesncannbencrystallizedn...ncausendisease.
e. Argument;nconclusion:nVirusesnreplicatenthemselvesn...ninvadednlivingncells.
ANS:n B PTS:n n 2
11. Harnessingnthenclean,nabundantnenergynofnthensunnandnwindnisncriticalntonsolvingnthenglobalnwarmingnpr
oblem.nTechnologicalnadvancesnhavenbroughtnthencostnofnelectricityngeneratednbynthenwindndownnbyn82
npercentnsincen1981.nSolarnenergyntechnologynhasnmadenremarkablenprogressnasnnewnphotovoltaicncells
nhavenbeenndevelopedntonconvertnevenngreaternamountsnofnsunlightndirectlynintonelectricity.nTodaynthenc
ostsnofnwindnandnsolarnpowernarenbecomingncompetitivenwithndirtyncoal-firednplants.
SierranClub,n"GlobalnWarmingnSolutions"
a. Argument;nconclusion:nTodaynthencostsnofnwindn...ndirtyncoal-firednplants.
b. Argument;nconclusion:nTechnologicalnadvancesn...nbyn82npercentnsincen1981.
c. Argument;nconclusion:nHarnessingnthencleann...nthenglobalnwarmingnproblem.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument;nconclusion:nSolarnenergyntechnologyn...ndirectlynintonelectricity.
ANS:n D PTS:n n 2
12. Itnisnlikelynthatninnocentnprisonersninnthisncountrynhavenbeennexecutednforncrimesntheyndidnnotncommit.nFr
omn1973nuntiln2007,n124ndeathnrowninmatesnhavenbeennexonerated.nInnmanynofnthesencasesnDNAneviden
cenplayednancrucialnrole.nYet,ninnthatnsamentimenframe,nmorenthann1000nprisonersnwerenexecuted.nFornma
nynofnthesenprisonersnnonDNAnevidencenwasnavailable.nIfnsuchnevidencenhadnbeennavailable,nhownmaynm
orenwouldnhavenbeennexonerated?
a. Argument;nconclusion:nInnmanynofnthesencasesn...nplayednancrucialnrole.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;nconclusion:nFromn1973n...nhavenbeennexonerated.
d. Argument;nconclusion:nFornmanynofnthesenprisonersn...nwasnavailable.
e. Argument;nconclusion:nItnisnlikelynthatninnocentnprisonersn...ntheyndidnnotncommit.
3
A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 11TH EDITION
n n n n n n
Patrick J. Hurley
n n
,Chapter 1 Test A
n n n
MULTIPLEnCHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS:nThenfollowingnselectionsnrelatentondistinguishingnargumentsnfromnnonargumentsna
ndnidentifyingnconclusions.nSelectnthenbestnanswernforneach.
1. nTherenappearsntonbenangrowingnhappinessngapnbetweennmennandnwomen.nWomenntodaynarenworkingn
morenandnrelaxingnless,nwhilenmennarenworkingnlessnandnrelaxingnmore.nFortynyearsnagonantypicalnwo
mannspentn40nminutesnmorenpernweeknthannthentypicalnmannperformingnannactivitynconsiderednunplea
sant.nToday,nwithnmennworkingnless,nthengapnisn90nminutesnandngrowing.
a. Argument;nconclusion:nTodayn...nthengapnisn90nminutesnandngrowing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;nconclusion:nFortynyearsnagon...nannactivitynconsiderednunpleasant.
d. Argument;nconclusion:nTherenappearsntonben...nbetweennmennandnwomen.
e. Argument;nconclusion:nWomenntodaynarenworkingnmorenandnrelaxingnless.
ANS:n D PTS:n n 2
2. Leadnisntoxic,nbutndonyounknownwhy?nLeadnisntoxicnmainlynbecausenitnpreferentiallynreplacesnothernmeta
lsninnbiochemicalnreactions.nInnsondoingnitninterferesnwithnthenproteinsnthatnregulatenbloodnpressuren(whi
chncanncausendevelopmentndelaysninnchildrennandnhighnbloodnpressureninnadults),nhemenproductionn(whi
chncannleadntonanemia),nandnspermnproduction.nLeadnalsondisplacesncalciumninnthenreactionsnthatntransm
itnelectricalnimpulsesninnthenbrain,nwhichndiminishesnthenabilityntonthinknandnrecallninformation.
AnnenMarienHelmstine,n"YournGuidentonChemistry"
a. Argument;nconclusion:nItninterferesnwithnthenproteinsn...nandnspermnproduction.
b. Argument;nconclusion:nLeadnisntoxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;nconclusion:nItnpreferentiallynreplacesnothernmetalsninnbiochemicalnreactions.
e. Argument;nconclusion:nLeadnalsondisplacesncalciumn...nrecallninformation.
ANS:n C PTS:n n 2
3. Aristotlenfocusednonnclarifyingnthenconceptnofnvirtuenitself.nHenarguednthatnitnwasnvirtuousntonchoosenthen
propernamountnofnemotionnand/ornactionncallednforninnanparticularnsituationnandnthatnextremesnofnemotion
nandnactionnwerenvices.nInnallncommunitiesntherenarensomenmennofnpracticalnwisdomnwhonhaventhencapac
ityntonjudgenwisely.nAristotlenarguednthatntheynhaventhencapacityntonfollownthen"rightnrule"nwhatevernthens
ituation.
DavidnCooper,nValuenPluralismnandnEthicalnChoice
a. Argument;nconclusion:nInnallncommunitiesn...ncapacityntonjudgenwisely.
b. Argument;nconclusion:nAristotlenfocusednonnclarifyingnthenconceptnofnvirtuenitself.
c. Argument;nconclusion:nTheynhaventhencapacityntonfollown...nthensituation.
d. Argument;nconclusion:nHenarguednthatnitnwasnvirtuousn...nwerenvices
e. Nonargument.
ANS:n E PTS:n n 2
4. Illegalnimmigrantsnpaynlocalnsalesntaxes,nandnmanynofnthemnalsonpaynstate,nlocal,nandnfederalnincomentaxn
andnSocialnSecurityntax.nTheynalsonpurchasenitemsnfromnlocalnmerchants,nincreasingnthenamountnthesenm
erchantsnpayninntaxes.nInnaddition,ntheynworknfornlownsalaries,nwhichnincreasesnthenearningsnofntheirnempl
oyersnandnthenamountnofntaxesnthesenemployersnpay.nThus,nitnisnnotncorrectntonsaynthatnillegalnimmigrantsn
contributennothingntonthencommunitiesninnwhichntheynlive.
a. Argument;nconclusion:nItnisnnotncorrectntonsayn...ncommunitiesninnwhichntheynlive.
1
, b. Argument;nconclusion:nTheynworknfornlownsalariesn...nthesenemployersnpay.
c. Argument;nconclusion:nIllegalnimmigrantsnpayn...nSocialnSecurityntax.
d. Argument;nconclusion:nTheynalsonpurchasenitemsn...npayninntaxes.
e. Nonargument.
ANS:n A PTS:n n 2
5. Numerousnstudiesnhavenindicatednthatnwomennofncolor,nblacknwomenninnparticular,narenover-
arrested,nover-indicted,nandnover-sentenced.nAfrican-
Americannwomennarensevenntimesnmorenlikelyntonbenarrestednfornprostitutionnthannwomennofnothernethni
cngroups.nBlacknwomennhavenreceivednsignificantlynlongernsentencesnforncrimesnagainstnpropertynandnse
rvednlongernperiodsninnprison.nFornbothnmurdernandndrugnoffenses,nEuroamericannwomennendednupnserv
ingnone-thirdnlessntimenfornthensamenoffensesnthannblacknwomen.
NancynKurshan,n"WomennandnImprisonmentninnthenU.S."
a. Argument;nconclusion:nAfrican-Americannwomenn...nothernethnicngroups.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;nconclusion:nFornbothnmurdernandndrugnoffensesn...nblacknwomen.
d. Argument;nconclusion:nNumerousnstudiesnhavenindicatedn...nover-sentenced.
e. Argument;nconclusion:nBlacknwomennhavenreceivedn...nlongernperiodsninnprison.
ANS:n B PTS:n n 2
6. It'snevennmorenimportantnthesendaysnthatnyourncomputernbenprotectednbynanfirewall.nTherenarencriminalnel
ementsnlurkingninnthenshadowsnofncyberspacenwhonsendnoutnprobesntondetectnunprotectednPCs.nOncenanvu
lnerablencomputernisnfound,nthesencriminalsninstallnsoftwarenthatnassistsnthemninncommittingnidentitynthe
ftnandnfencingnstolennIDs.nTheynalsondefraudnonlinenadvertisersnbynusingnthesenzombiencomputersntonvisi
tnpay-per-clicknads.
a. Argument;nconclusion:nTherenarencriminalnelementsn...ntondetectnunprotectednPCs.
b. Argument;nconclusion:nOncenanvulnerablencomputern...nfencingnstolennIDs.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;nconclusion:nTheynalsondefraudn...ntonvisitnpay-per-clicknads.
e. Argument;nconclusion:nIt'snevennmorenimportantn...nprotectednbynanfirewall.
ANS:n E PTS:n n 2
7. Thenearthnisnofninterestntonastronomynfornmanynreasons.nNearlynallnobservationsnmustnbenmadenthroughnth
enatmosphere,nandnthenphenomenanofnthenuppernatmospherenandnthenmagnetospherenreflectnthenstatenofnint
erplanetarynspace.nThenearthnisnalsonthenmostnimportantnobjectnofncomparisonnfornplanetologists.
HannunKarttunen,netnal.,nFundamentalnAstronomy
a. Argument;nconclusion:nThenphenomenan...nstatenofninterplanetarynspace.
b. Argument;nconclusion:nThenearthnisnalson...nfornplanetologists.
c. Argument;nconclusion:nThenearthnisnofninterestntonastronomy.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument;nconclusion:nNearlynallnobservationsn...nthroughnthenatmosphere.
ANS:n C PTS:n n 2
8. Ifnthentradeninntigernproductsnisnbanned,ntigernreservesnarenguardednbynwellnequippednstaff,ncommunitiesn
abuttingntigernhabitatnarengivennanstakeninnprotectingntigers,nandnthenmakersnofntraditionalnmedicinesncann
benpersuadednthatntigernpartsnarennotnneeded,nthenntigernpoachingnwillnbenhalted,nhabitatnandnlifensustaini
ngnpreynwillnbenrestored,nandnthenimmanentnextinctionnofntigersninnthenwildnwillnbenaverted.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument;nconclusion:nThentradeninntigernproductsnisnbanned.
c. Argument;nconclusion:nTigernpoachingnwillnbenhalted.
d. Argument;nconclusion:nThenmakersnofntraditionalnmedicinesn...nnotnneeded.
2
, e. Argument;nconclusion:nTigernpoachingnwillnbenhaltedn...nwillnbenaverted.
ANS:n A PTS:n n 2
9. Humansnarenbiologicalnorganisms.nTonunderstandnournbehaviornandnmentalnprocesses,nwenneedntonunde
rstandntheirnbiologicalnunderpinnings,nstartingnwithnthencellularnlevel,nthenneuron.nHownwenfeel,nlearn,nr
emember,nandnthinknallnstemnfromnneuronalnactivity.nSo,nhownanneuronnworksnandnhownneuronsncommu
nicatenarencrucialnpiecesnofninformationninnsolvingnthenpuzzlenofnhumannbehaviornandnmentalnprocessin
g.
RichardnGriggs,nPsychology:nAnConcisenIntroduction
a. Argument;nconclusion:nTonunderstandnournbehaviorn...nthenneuron.
b. Argument;nconclusion:nHumansnarenbiologicalnorganisms.
c. Argument;nconclusion:nHownwenfeeln...nneuronalnactivity.
d. Argument;nconclusion:nHownanneuronnworksn...nmentalnprocessing.
e. Nonargument.
ANS:n D PTS:n n 2
10. Virusesnarenacellularnentitiesntoonsmallntonbenseennwithnanlightnmicroscope.nTheynarencomposednofnannucl
eicnacidnandnanfewnproteins.nVirusesnreplicatenthemselvesnandndisplaynothernpropertiesnofnlivingnorganis
msnonlynwhenntheynhaveninvadednlivingncells.nIndeed,nsomenvirusesncannbencrystallizednandnstoredninnanc
ontainernonnanshelfnfornyears,nbutntheynretainnthencapacityntoninvadencellsnandncausendisease.
JacquelynnC.nBlack,nMicrobiology:nPrinciplesnandnExplorations
a. Argument;nconclusion:nTheynarencomposednofnannucleicnacidnandnanfewnproteins.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;nconclusion:nVirusesnarenacellularnentitiesn...nmicroscope.
d. Argument;nconclusion:nIndeed,nsomenvirusesncannbencrystallizedn...ncausendisease.
e. Argument;nconclusion:nVirusesnreplicatenthemselvesn...ninvadednlivingncells.
ANS:n B PTS:n n 2
11. Harnessingnthenclean,nabundantnenergynofnthensunnandnwindnisncriticalntonsolvingnthenglobalnwarmingnpr
oblem.nTechnologicalnadvancesnhavenbroughtnthencostnofnelectricityngeneratednbynthenwindndownnbyn82
npercentnsincen1981.nSolarnenergyntechnologynhasnmadenremarkablenprogressnasnnewnphotovoltaicncells
nhavenbeenndevelopedntonconvertnevenngreaternamountsnofnsunlightndirectlynintonelectricity.nTodaynthenc
ostsnofnwindnandnsolarnpowernarenbecomingncompetitivenwithndirtyncoal-firednplants.
SierranClub,n"GlobalnWarmingnSolutions"
a. Argument;nconclusion:nTodaynthencostsnofnwindn...ndirtyncoal-firednplants.
b. Argument;nconclusion:nTechnologicalnadvancesn...nbyn82npercentnsincen1981.
c. Argument;nconclusion:nHarnessingnthencleann...nthenglobalnwarmingnproblem.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument;nconclusion:nSolarnenergyntechnologyn...ndirectlynintonelectricity.
ANS:n D PTS:n n 2
12. Itnisnlikelynthatninnocentnprisonersninnthisncountrynhavenbeennexecutednforncrimesntheyndidnnotncommit.nFr
omn1973nuntiln2007,n124ndeathnrowninmatesnhavenbeennexonerated.nInnmanynofnthesencasesnDNAneviden
cenplayednancrucialnrole.nYet,ninnthatnsamentimenframe,nmorenthann1000nprisonersnwerenexecuted.nFornma
nynofnthesenprisonersnnonDNAnevidencenwasnavailable.nIfnsuchnevidencenhadnbeennavailable,nhownmaynm
orenwouldnhavenbeennexonerated?
a. Argument;nconclusion:nInnmanynofnthesencasesn...nplayednancrucialnrole.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;nconclusion:nFromn1973n...nhavenbeennexonerated.
d. Argument;nconclusion:nFornmanynofnthesenprisonersn...nwasnavailable.
e. Argument;nconclusion:nItnisnlikelynthatninnocentnprisonersn...ntheyndidnnotncommit.
3
