PNB 2265 PRACTICAL 2 EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS || ALREADY GRADED A+ RECENT VERSION

PNB 2265 PRACTICAL 2 EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS || ALREADY GRADED A+ RECENT VERSION 1. where does gas exchange occur - ANSWER alveoli 2. a pathological condition characterized by destruction of the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli - ANSWER emphysema 3. the result of fibrous scar tissue formation; destruction of alveoli - ANSWER tuberculosis 4. a method to experimentally determine pulmonary functions - ANSWER spirometry 5. blood pH level is regulated by controlling ___ and ___ levels - ANSWER PCO2, HCO3 6. respiratory acidosis results from - ANSWER high PCO2 7. respiratory acidosis causes (3) - ANSWER excess CO2 in inspired air, decreased alveolar ventilation, increased production of CO2 8. increased production of CO2 caused by - ANSWER hypercatabolic disorders 9. decreased alveolar ventilation caused by (4) - ANSWER central respiratory depression, nerve/muscle disorders, lung/chest defects, airway obstructions 10. respiratory alkalosis results from - ANSWER reduced PCO2 11. causes of respiratory alkalosis (4) - ANSWER increased alveolar ventilation, hypoxaemia, pulmonary abnormalities, lactogenic effects on ventilation 12. acidosis pH - ANSWER 7.35 13. alkalosis pH - ANSWER 7.35 14. pH7.35, HCO3 26 - ANSWER metabolic alkalosis 15. pH 7.35, PCO2 35 - ANSWER respiratory alkalosis 16. metabolic alkalosis leads to ___ compensation - ANSWER respiratory (PCO2 45) 17. respiratory alkalosis leads to ___ compensation - ANSWER renal (HCO3 22) 18. pH 7.35, HCO3 22 - ANSWER metabolic acidosis 19. pH 7.35, PCO2 45 - ANSWER respiratory acidosis 20. basic electrical rhythm seen in certain regions (slow wave potentials) of smooth muscle - ANSWER autorhythmicity 21. smooth muscle receptors (4) - ANSWER ACh, NE/EPI, histamine, serotonin 22. parasympathetic innervation ___ GI activity and ___ cardiac muscle activity - ANSWER increases, inhibits 23. parasympathetic mechanism of GI tract - ANSWER ACh activates Gi, removes inhibition of cAMP, increases MLCK, increases contraction 24. Lymph vessels - ANSWER Transport lymph throughout the body 25. Primary lymphoid organs - ANSWER Where immune cells are generated and mature (bone barrow, thymus) 26. Secondary lymphoid organs - ANSWER Sites where mature immune cells aggregate and initiate immune responses (spleen) 27. Lymph nodes - ANSWER Small oval clumps of lymphatic tissue located at grouped intervals along lymphatic vessels; filter lymph 28. Tonsils - ANSWER Secondary lymphoid organ that removes pathogens that enter the pharynx in food or inhaled air 29. Spleen - ANSWER Secondary lymphoid organ that contains lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells (made of white pulp and red pulp) 30. White pulp - ANSWER Lymphocytes that mount immune responses against pathogens in the blood 31. Red pulp - ANSWER Stored RBCs and platelets 32. Central artery - ANSWER Supplies the blood to the spleen 33. Periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS) - ANSWER White pulp surrounding a central artery, composed primarily of T-lymphocytes 34. In the stroke case study (case #1): why do symptoms appear on the left side of the body if the right hemisphere underwent the stroke? because right hemisphere controls the left side of the body because sensory and motor systems pathways are crossed A and B None of above - ANSWER A and B What is the first diagnostic test to detect posible stroke? Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI) X rays Computed tomography (CT) scan Diffusion Tension Imaging (DTI) - ANSWER CT scan 35. In case 2#: shingles, what is the cause of the rash? Disease of the neuromuscular junction Degeneration of the spine Varicella zoster virus affecting dorsal root of spinal nerve - ANSWER Varicella zoster virus affecting dorsal root of spinal nerve 36. In case #2, why did patient have painful sensation? because pain fibers are positioned in affected dorsal root because pain fibers are positioned in affected ventral root because of herniation of disk at the level of the spinal nerve - ANSWER because pain fibers are positioned in affected dorsal root 37. In the case 3#: spinal cord injury: what could be the consequences of damage to the spinal cord at the lumbar level? Paralysis of the legs Paralysis of the arms Both choices - ANSWER Paralysis of the legs 38. How does motor NERVE injury compares to spinal cord injury? Motor nerve injury is lower motor disease that can get better over a time Spinal cord injury is lower motor injury that can get better over the time In motor nerve injury positive Babinski sign is observed - ANSWER Motor nerve injury is lower motor disease that can get better over a time 39. Which is the true for muscle fatigue? Intracellular acidosis bacause of lactic acid accumulation is one of most important cause of skeletal muscle fatigue. Loss of ATP is a main reason for fatigue Loss of Acetyl choline is the reason for fatigue - ANSWER Intracellular acidosis bacause of lactic acid accumulation is one of most important cause of skeletal muscle fatigue. 40. What is the true statement for ibuprofen induced iron deficiency anemia? It can happen very often It is a rare condition It could cause fatigue B and C - ANSWER it could cause fatigue