PYC614/ PYC - 614: Advanced Pathophysiology -Final Exam (Questions and Answers) | latest 2026 - School of Nursing , Indiana Wesleyan University.

PYC614/ PYC - 614: Advanced Pathophysiology -Final Exam (Questions and Answers) | latest 2026 - School of Nursing , Indiana Wesleyan University. Question 1 What role does leptin resistance have in promoting obesity? (Select all that apply.) A) Promotes overeating B) Increases glucose and lipids C) Lowers insulin D) Produces pro-inflammatory mediators E) Associated with weight loss Questi on 2 0 / 2 points What controls the movement of synovial fluid through cartilage? Cartiloregulins Hyaluronate Proteoglycans Chondroitin Question 3 0 / 2 points What pathologic change occurs to the kidney’s glomeruli as a result of hypertension? a) Compression of the renal tubules b) Ischemia of the tubule c) Increased pressure from within the tubule d) Obstruction of the renal tubuleQuesti on 4 2 / 2 points A healthcare professional assesses a patient who has elevated lesions on the face that are waxy and yellowish. What condition does the professional discuss with the patient? Basal keratosis Seborrheic keratosis Keratoacanthoma Actinic keratosis Question 5 2 / 2 points The effect epinephrine has on the immune system during the stress response is to increase which cells? (Select all that apply.) a) NK cells b) Immunoglobulins c) Cytokines d) T cells e) Th cells Questi on 6 2 / 2 points Which statements are true concerning the humoral immune response? (select all the apply) A) The humoral immune response is divided into major and minor phases. B) The response has IgG and IgM produced during each of its phrases. C) It has greater presence of IgG than IgM in one of its phases.D) The humoral immune response is produced in reaction to the presence of an antigen. E) Phases differ in their response time as a result of the effect of memory cells. Questi on 7 2 / 2 points What is diabetes insipidus a result of? Antidiuretic hormone hyposecretion Antidiuretic hormone hypersecretion Insulin hyposecretion Insulin hypersecretion Question 8 2 / 2 points Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep occurs in cycles approximately how often? 45 minutes 90 minutes 120 minutes a. 150 minutes Question 9 2 / 2 points A patient has pernicious anemia and asks the healthcare professional to explain the disease. Which statement by the professional is most accurate? The lack of certain foods in your diet Your body cannot absorb vitamin B12 You are not getting enough vitamin CYour bone marrow has stopped working Question 10 2 / 2 points What is the risk for the recurrence of autosomal dominant diseases? a) 10% b) 30% c) 50% d) 70% Questio n 11 2 / 2 points What is the role of the normal intestinal bacterial flora? a) Metabolizing bile salts, estrogens, and lipids b) Breaking down proteins into amino acids c) Facilitating the motility of the colon d) Metabolizing aldosterone and insulin Questio n 12 2 / 2 points What is the name of the disorder in which levels of bilirubin remain excessively high in the newborn and are deposited in the brain? Kernicterus Icterus neonatorum Jaundice Icterus gravis neonatorum Question 2 / 213 points What substance stimulates renal hydroxylation in the process of producing vitamin D? a) Erythropoietin b) Thyroid hormone c) Calcitonin d) Parathyroid hormone Questio n 14 2 / 2 points Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cells some distance away? a) Paracrine b) Autocrine c) Neurotransmitter d) Hormonal Questio n 15 2 / 2 points Autocrine stimulation is the ability of cancer cells to do what? Stimulate angiogenesis to create their own blood supply Encourage secretions that turn off normal growth inhibitors Secrete growth factors that stimulate their own growth Divert nutrients away from normal tissue for their own use Question 16 2 / 2 pointsHypotension is likely to occur when an infant or child is greater than _____ % dehydrated. 2 5 7 10 Question 17 2 / 2 points How can abdominal pain that is visceral in nature best be described? a) Diffuse, vague, poorly localized, and dull b) It travels from a specific organ to the spinal cord. c) The pain lateralizes from only one side of the nervous system. d) Associated with the peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract Questio n 18 2 / 2 points A decrease in receptor binding for which neurotransmitter is found in individuals with depression? Norepinephrine Serotonin Dopamine Acetylcholine Question 19 2 / 2 points A patient is admitted to the hospital with multiple myeloma (MM). Which diagnostic test should the healthcare professional assess as the priority?Serum potassium level Serum calcium level Bone scan or limb x-rays Bone marrow biopsy Question 20 2 / 2 points Which change is a result of puberty and defends the vagina from infection? The pH stabilizes between 7 and 8. A thin squamous epithelial lining develops. Vaginal pH becomes more acidic. Estrogen levels are low. Question 21 2 / 2 points Which hepatitis virus is most commonly known to be sexually transmitted? Hep A Hep B Hep C Hep D Question 22 2 / 2 points During the cardiac cycle, why do the aortic and pulmonic valves close after the ventricles relax? Papillary muscles relax, which allows the valves to close. Chordae tendineae contract, which pulls the valves closed.Reduced pressure in the ventricles creates a negative pressure, which pulls the valves closed. Blood fills the cusps of the valves and causes the edges to merge, closing the valves. Question 23 0 / 2 points How should the healthcare professional reply when parents question why a computed tomographic (CT) scan of the head was not ordered for their 5-year-old child after a minor fall? Physicians are cautious about ordering CT scan on children younger than 10 years of age. CT scans are seldom conclusive when used to diagnosis head injuries in young children. The child’s symptoms will determine whether a CT scan is necessary and worth the expense. Research suggests that repeated CT scans can increase the risk of developing brain cancer. Question 24 2 / 2 points Which pathophysiologic alteration precedes crush syndrome after prolonged muscle compression? Muscle ischemia Myoglobinuria Volkmann contracture Neural injury Question 25 2 / 2 points Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) results from which alteration? a) Narrowed pulmonary capillaries b) Narrowed bronchi and bronchioles c) Destruction of alveolid) Ischemia of the myocardium Questio n 26 0 / 2 points A healthcare professional teaches a parenting class that benign febrile seizures are characterized by what? A temperature higher than 38.5°C (101.3°F) Concurrent respiratory or ear infections Onset after the fifth year of life Episodes lasting 30 min or longer Question 27 2 / 2 points The World Health Organization (WHO) defines grade 1 (overweight) as which BMI range? 18.5 to 24.9 25 to 29.9 30 to 39.9 40 to 50.9 Question 28 2 / 2 points Which condition is best defined as a clinical syndrome involving a systemic response to infection, which is manifested by two or more of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria? Bacteremia Sepsis Septicemia Septic shock Question 2 / 229 points Which term is used to identify an intestinal obstruction caused by meconium formed in utero that is abnormally sticky and adheres firmly to the mucosa of the small intestine? Meconium cecum Meconium ileus Meconium obstruction Meconium vivax Question 30 2 / 2 points A parent asks the healthcare professional to explain why a child diagnosed with Tetralogy of Fallot squats frequently. What explanation by the professional is best? a) Reduces the chest pain b) Controls dizziness c) Relieves hypoxia d) Improves headache Questio n 31 2 / 2 points How are glucose and insulin used to treat hyperkalemia associated with acute renal failure? a) Glucose has an osmotic effect, which attracts water and sodium, resulting in more dilute blood and a concentration. b) When insulin transports glucose into the cell, it also carries potassium with it. c) Potassium attaches to receptors on the cell membrane of glucose and is carried into the cell.d) Increasing insulin causes ketoacidosis, which causes potassium to move into the cell in exchange fo Questio n 32 2 / 2 points During cell injury caused by hypoxia, why does an increase in the osmotic pressure within the cell occur? a) Plasma proteins enter the cell b) The adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)-driven pump is stronger during hypoxia c) Sodium chloride enters the cell d) An influx of glucose occurs through the injured cell membranes Questio n 33 2 / 2 points What role does leptin resistance have in promoting obesity? (Select all that apply.) A) Promotes overeating B) Inhibits orexigenic outcomes C) Leads to hyperglycemia D) Promotes early satiety E) Increases oxidative stress Questio n 34 2 / 2 points A child with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is voiding smoky, brown-colored urine and asks the healthcare professional to explain what causes it. What explanation by the professional is best? a) Presence of red blood cellsb) Presence of urobilinogen c) Slough from the collecting tubules d) Protein in the urine Questio n 35 2 / 2 points A patient is having an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. What action by the healthcare professional is best? a) Give the patient an antihistamine. b) Prepare to give the patient a blood transfusion. c) Ask the patient is he/she is having pain at the site. d) Apply warm, moist heat to the affected area. Questio n 36 2 / 2 points Which dietary lifestyle choice has been associated with a decreased risk for developing colon cancer? a) Increased consumption of dairy products b) Increased consumption of foods containing vitamin C c) Decreased consumption of foods high in fat d) Decreased consumption of artificial food coloring Questio n 37 2 / 2 points What are genes responsible for the maintenance of all cells referred to as? a) Universalb) Managerial c) Housekeeping d) Executive Questio n 38 2 / 2 points A healthcare professional is caring for a patient who has a spinal cord injury at T5. The patient exhibits severe hypertension, a heart rate of 32 beats/min, and sweating above the spinal cord lesion. How does the professional chart this event? Craniosacral dysreflexia Parasympathetic dysreflexia Autonomic hyperreflexia Retrograde hyperreflexia Question 39 2 / 2 points A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses is the ratio between what? a) Intracellular and extracellular Na+ b) Intracellular and extracellular K+ c) Intracellular Na+ and extracellular K+ d) Intracellular K+ and extracellular Na+ Questio n 40 2 / 2 points What process causes heat and redness to occur during the inflammatory process?a) Vasodilation of blood vessels b) Platelet aggregation c) Decreased capillary permeability d) Endothelial cell contraction Questio n 41 2 / 2 points A preschool teacher notices a child who has burrows on the hands that are several millimeters to 1 cm long, papules, and vesicular lesions. What other assessment finding would help the teacher determine the type of infestation the child has? Ask the child if he or she has been around puppies or kittens. Check the child’s hair for the presence of small mites. Ask the child if itching occurs especially at night. Assess the child’s trunk and abdomen for petechiae. Question 42 2 / 2 points A patient is in status epilepticus. In addition to giving medication to stop the seizures, what would the healthcare professional place highest priority on? Facilitating a CT scan of the head Providing oxygen Assessing for brain death Assessing for drug overdose Question 43 2 / 2 points Parkinson disease is associated with defects in which area of the brain?Thalamus Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Substantia nigra Question 44 2 / 2 points What are the clinical manifestations of testicular cancer? Firm, nontender testicular mass Painful, mobile, firm testicular mass Painful fluid-filled testicular mass Soft, nontender testicular mass Question 45 2 / 2 points What abnormalities lead to the mucus plugging seen in children with cystic fibrosis (CF)? a) Excess mucus plugs the gut and keeps it from absorbing water effectively. b) A weak inflammatory response allows bacterial to colonize the mucus. c) Defective chloride secretion and excess sodium absorption thicken the mucus. d) Pulmonary vascular remodeling occurs that leads to chronic hypoxia. Questio n 46 2 / 2 points In osteomyelitis, bacteria gain access to the subperiosteal space in the metaphysis. What factor makes this route the easiest for bacteria to gain access to this area? Cortex of the bone in this area is porous or mazelike.Blood supply to the metaphysis is easily compromised. Macrophages and lymphocytes have limited access to the subperiosteal space. Bacteria usually spread down the medullary cavity of the bone. Question 47 2 / 2 points A healthcare professional who works in a senior center knows about the effects of aging on the pulmonary system, which include which of these? (Select all that apply.) a) Decreased chest wall compliance b) Decreased lung recoil c) Reduced ventilatory reserve d) Decreased partial pressure of arterial oxygen e) Reduced respiratory rate Questio n 48 2 / 2 points Which condition is considered a clinical cause of amenorrhea? Disorder in the endometrium Obstruction of the fallopian tubes Lack of physical exercise Failure to ovulate Question 49 2 / 2 points What does the student learn about warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia? Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia occurs primarily in children.It is self-limiting and rarely produces hemolysis. Erythrocytes are bound to macrophages and sequestered in the spleen. Immunoglobulin M coats erythrocytes and binds them to receptors on monocytes. Question 50 2 / 2 points When insulin binds its receptors on muscle cells, an increase in glucose uptake by the muscle cells is the result. This is an example of what type of effect by a hormone? Pharmacologic Permissive Synergistic Direct