,Contents
Chapter 01: Introduction to Pathophysiology .................................................................................................. 3
Chapter 02: Homeostasis, Allostasis, and Adaptive Responses to Stressors ................................................... 6
Chapter 03: Cell Structure and Function .......................................................................................................... 9
Chapter 04: Cell Injury, Aging, and Death .................................................................................................... 14
Chapter 05: Genome Structure, Regulation, and Tissue Differentiation ....................................................... 18
Chapter 06: Genetic and Developmental Disorders ....................................................................................... 21
Chapter 07: Neoplasia .................................................................................................................................... 24
Chapter 08: Infectious Processes .................................................................................................................... 29
Chapter 09: Inflammation and Immunity ....................................................................................................... 31
Chapter 10: Alterations in Immune Function ................................................................................................. 35
Chapter 11: Malignant Disorders of White Blood Cells ................................................................................ 40
Chapter 12: HIV Disease and AIDS ............................................................................................................... 46
Chapter 13: Alterations in Oxygen Transport ................................................................................................ 51
Chapter 14: Alterations in Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation ..................................................................... 59
Chapter 15: Alterations in Blood Flow .......................................................................................................... 64
Chapter 16: Alterations in Blood Pressure ..................................................................................................... 72
Chapter 17: Cardiac Function .................................................................................................................. 79
Chapter 18: Alterations in Cardiac Function .................................................................................................. 86
Chapter 19: Heart Failure and Dysrhythmias: Common Sequelae of Cardiac Diseases ................................ 93
Chapter 20: Shock ........................................................................................................................................ 101
Chapter 21: Respiratory Function and Alterations in Gas Exchange ........................................................... 110
Chapter 22: Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders ............................................................................................ 115
Chapter 23: Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders .............................................................................................. 124
Chapter 24: Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis and Imbalances ................................................................. 137
Chapter 25: Acid–Base Homeostasis and Imbalances ................................................................................. 153
Chapter 26: Renal Function .......................................................................................................................... 163
Chapter 27: Intrarenal Disorders .................................................................................................................. 169
Chapter 28: Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease .................................................................. 184
Chapter 29: Disorders of the Lower Urinary Tract ...................................................................................... 199
Chapter 30: Male Genital and Reproductive Function ................................................................................. 210
Chapter 31: Alterations in Male Genital and Reproductive Function .......................................................... 214
Chapter 32: Female Genital and Reproductive Function ............................................................................. 219
Chapter 33: Alterations in Female Genital and Reproductive Function ...................................................... 225
Chapter 34: Sexually Transmitted Infections ............................................................................................... 234
Chapter 35: Gastrointestinal Function .......................................................................................................... 239
Chapter 36: Gastrointestinal Disorders ........................................................................................................ 248
Chapter 37: Alterations in Function of the Gallbladder and Exocrine Pancreas.......................................... 259
Chapter 38: Liver Diseases........................................................................................................................... 267
Chapter 39: Endocrine Physiology and Mechanisms of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Regulation ..................... 275
,Chapter 40: Disorders of Endocrine Function .............................................................................................. 284
Chapter 41: Diabetes Mellitus ...................................................................................................................... 295
Chapter 42: Alterations in Metabolism and Nutrition .................................................................................. 303
Chapter 43: Structure and Function of the Nervous System ........................................................................ 309
Chapter 44: Acute Disorders of Brain Function ........................................................................................... 321
Chapter 45: Chronic Disorders of Neurologic Function .............................................................................. 333
Chapter 46: Alterations in Special Sensory Function .................................................................................. 343
Chapter 47: Pain ........................................................................................................................................... 349
Chapter 48: Neurobiology of Psychotic Illnesses ........................................................................................ 355
Chapter 49: Neurobiology of Nonpsychotic Illnesses .................................................................................. 364
Chapter 50: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System ........................................................... 373
Chapter 51: Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Trauma, Infection, and Disease .............................. 380
Chapter 52: Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Rheumatic Disorders .............................................. 388
Chapter 53: Alterations in the Integumentary System ................................................................................. 395
Chapter 54: Burn Injuries ............................................................................................................................. 401
Chapter 01: Introduction to Pathophysiology
Banasik: Pathophysiology, 7th Edition
, 1. A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of
this disease. This stage of illness is called the stage. a. prodromal
b. latent
c. sequela
d. convalescence
ANS: B
Incubation refers to the interval between exposure of a tissue to an injurious agent and the
first appearance of signs and symptoms. In infectious diseases, this period is often called the
incubation (latent) period. Prodromal refers to the appearance of the first signs and symptoms
indicating the onset of a disease. These are often nonspecific, such as headache, malaise,
anorexia, and nausea, which are associated with a number of different diseases. Sequela refers
to subsequent pathologic condition resulting from a disease. Convalescence is the stage of
recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical operation.
2. A disease that is native to a particular region is called
a. epidemic.
b. endemic.
c. pandemic.
d. ethnographic.
ANS: B
A disease that is native to a particular region is called endemic. An epidemic is a disease that
spreads to many individuals at the same time. Pandemics are epidemics that affect large
geographic regions, perhaps spreading worldwide. Ethnographic does not describe a disease
distribution pattern.
3. In general, with aging, organ size and function
a. increase.
b. decrease.
c. remain the same.
d. are unknown.
ANS: B
In general, with aging, organ size and function decrease.
4. The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are
well established, is referred to as a. latent.
b. subclinical.
c. prodromal.
d. convalescence.
ANS: B
The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are
well established, is called the subclinical stage. The interval between exposure of a tissue to
an injurious agent and the first appearance of signs and symptoms may be called a latent
period or, in the case of infectious diseases, an incubation period. The prodromal period, or
prodrome, refers to the appearance of the first signs and symptoms indicating the onset of a
disease. Convalescence is the stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical operation.
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. Your patient’s red blood cell count is slightly elevated today. This might be explained by
(Select all that apply.) a. gender difference.
Chapter 01: Introduction to Pathophysiology .................................................................................................. 3
Chapter 02: Homeostasis, Allostasis, and Adaptive Responses to Stressors ................................................... 6
Chapter 03: Cell Structure and Function .......................................................................................................... 9
Chapter 04: Cell Injury, Aging, and Death .................................................................................................... 14
Chapter 05: Genome Structure, Regulation, and Tissue Differentiation ....................................................... 18
Chapter 06: Genetic and Developmental Disorders ....................................................................................... 21
Chapter 07: Neoplasia .................................................................................................................................... 24
Chapter 08: Infectious Processes .................................................................................................................... 29
Chapter 09: Inflammation and Immunity ....................................................................................................... 31
Chapter 10: Alterations in Immune Function ................................................................................................. 35
Chapter 11: Malignant Disorders of White Blood Cells ................................................................................ 40
Chapter 12: HIV Disease and AIDS ............................................................................................................... 46
Chapter 13: Alterations in Oxygen Transport ................................................................................................ 51
Chapter 14: Alterations in Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation ..................................................................... 59
Chapter 15: Alterations in Blood Flow .......................................................................................................... 64
Chapter 16: Alterations in Blood Pressure ..................................................................................................... 72
Chapter 17: Cardiac Function .................................................................................................................. 79
Chapter 18: Alterations in Cardiac Function .................................................................................................. 86
Chapter 19: Heart Failure and Dysrhythmias: Common Sequelae of Cardiac Diseases ................................ 93
Chapter 20: Shock ........................................................................................................................................ 101
Chapter 21: Respiratory Function and Alterations in Gas Exchange ........................................................... 110
Chapter 22: Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders ............................................................................................ 115
Chapter 23: Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders .............................................................................................. 124
Chapter 24: Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis and Imbalances ................................................................. 137
Chapter 25: Acid–Base Homeostasis and Imbalances ................................................................................. 153
Chapter 26: Renal Function .......................................................................................................................... 163
Chapter 27: Intrarenal Disorders .................................................................................................................. 169
Chapter 28: Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease .................................................................. 184
Chapter 29: Disorders of the Lower Urinary Tract ...................................................................................... 199
Chapter 30: Male Genital and Reproductive Function ................................................................................. 210
Chapter 31: Alterations in Male Genital and Reproductive Function .......................................................... 214
Chapter 32: Female Genital and Reproductive Function ............................................................................. 219
Chapter 33: Alterations in Female Genital and Reproductive Function ...................................................... 225
Chapter 34: Sexually Transmitted Infections ............................................................................................... 234
Chapter 35: Gastrointestinal Function .......................................................................................................... 239
Chapter 36: Gastrointestinal Disorders ........................................................................................................ 248
Chapter 37: Alterations in Function of the Gallbladder and Exocrine Pancreas.......................................... 259
Chapter 38: Liver Diseases........................................................................................................................... 267
Chapter 39: Endocrine Physiology and Mechanisms of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Regulation ..................... 275
,Chapter 40: Disorders of Endocrine Function .............................................................................................. 284
Chapter 41: Diabetes Mellitus ...................................................................................................................... 295
Chapter 42: Alterations in Metabolism and Nutrition .................................................................................. 303
Chapter 43: Structure and Function of the Nervous System ........................................................................ 309
Chapter 44: Acute Disorders of Brain Function ........................................................................................... 321
Chapter 45: Chronic Disorders of Neurologic Function .............................................................................. 333
Chapter 46: Alterations in Special Sensory Function .................................................................................. 343
Chapter 47: Pain ........................................................................................................................................... 349
Chapter 48: Neurobiology of Psychotic Illnesses ........................................................................................ 355
Chapter 49: Neurobiology of Nonpsychotic Illnesses .................................................................................. 364
Chapter 50: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System ........................................................... 373
Chapter 51: Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Trauma, Infection, and Disease .............................. 380
Chapter 52: Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Rheumatic Disorders .............................................. 388
Chapter 53: Alterations in the Integumentary System ................................................................................. 395
Chapter 54: Burn Injuries ............................................................................................................................. 401
Chapter 01: Introduction to Pathophysiology
Banasik: Pathophysiology, 7th Edition
, 1. A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of
this disease. This stage of illness is called the stage. a. prodromal
b. latent
c. sequela
d. convalescence
ANS: B
Incubation refers to the interval between exposure of a tissue to an injurious agent and the
first appearance of signs and symptoms. In infectious diseases, this period is often called the
incubation (latent) period. Prodromal refers to the appearance of the first signs and symptoms
indicating the onset of a disease. These are often nonspecific, such as headache, malaise,
anorexia, and nausea, which are associated with a number of different diseases. Sequela refers
to subsequent pathologic condition resulting from a disease. Convalescence is the stage of
recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical operation.
2. A disease that is native to a particular region is called
a. epidemic.
b. endemic.
c. pandemic.
d. ethnographic.
ANS: B
A disease that is native to a particular region is called endemic. An epidemic is a disease that
spreads to many individuals at the same time. Pandemics are epidemics that affect large
geographic regions, perhaps spreading worldwide. Ethnographic does not describe a disease
distribution pattern.
3. In general, with aging, organ size and function
a. increase.
b. decrease.
c. remain the same.
d. are unknown.
ANS: B
In general, with aging, organ size and function decrease.
4. The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are
well established, is referred to as a. latent.
b. subclinical.
c. prodromal.
d. convalescence.
ANS: B
The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are
well established, is called the subclinical stage. The interval between exposure of a tissue to
an injurious agent and the first appearance of signs and symptoms may be called a latent
period or, in the case of infectious diseases, an incubation period. The prodromal period, or
prodrome, refers to the appearance of the first signs and symptoms indicating the onset of a
disease. Convalescence is the stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical operation.
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. Your patient’s red blood cell count is slightly elevated today. This might be explained by
(Select all that apply.) a. gender difference.
