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,TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Module 1 : (Chemistry & Cell Structure)
• Module 2 : (Microbial Growth & Control) equivalent
• Module 3: (Gram Stain & Bacterial Classification)
• Module 4 : (Viruses & Prions)
• Module 5: (Metabolism & Genetics)
Module 1: Chemistry & Cell Structure
1. What is the smallest biological unit of life?
A cell.
2. True or False. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
True.
3. Name the four major classes of macromolecules found in all cells.
Proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides (carbohydrates).
4. What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the cell?
Energy storage and structural support.
5. True or False. Monosaccharides are the building blocks of proteins.
False. Monosaccharides are building blocks of carbohydrates; amino acids are building
blocks of proteins.
6. What is the general formula for a monosaccharide?
(CH₂O)ₙ, where n is typically 3 to 7.
7. Name the three most common monosaccharides.
Glucose, fructose, galactose.
8. True or False. Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose.
True.
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,9. What type of bond joins two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide?
Glycosidic bond.
10. What are polysaccharides?
Long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds.
11. Name the primary storage polysaccharide in animals.
Glycogen.
12. Name the primary storage polysaccharide in plants.
Starch.
13. True or False. Cellulose is a polysaccharide that humans can digest.
False. Humans lack cellulase to digest cellulose.
14. What is the structural difference between starch and cellulose?
Starch has α(1→4) glycosidic bonds; cellulose has β(1→4) bonds.
15. What are the building blocks (monomers) of proteins?
Amino acids.
16. How many standard amino acids are there?
20.
17. True or False. All amino acids have the same basic structure: a central carbon,
an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable R-group.
True.
18. What type of bond links amino acids together in a protein?
Peptide bond.
19. A chain of amino acids is called a what?
Polypeptide.
20. True or False. A protein is a functional molecule composed of one or more
polypeptides folded into a specific three-dimensional shape.
True.
21. List the four levels of protein structure.
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary.
22. What determines the primary structure of a protein?
The linear sequence of amino acids.
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, 23. Name two common secondary structures found in proteins.
Alpha helix and beta-pleated sheet.
24. True or False. Hydrogen bonds stabilize secondary structures.
True.
25. What is denaturation of a protein?
Loss of three-dimensional structure and function due to heat, pH change, or chemicals.
26. True or False. Denaturation always breaks peptide bonds.
False. Denaturation disrupts secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure but not
primary structure (peptide bonds remain intact).
27. What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides.
28. Name the three components of a nucleotide.
A phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
29. What are the two types of nitrogenous bases?
Purines (adenine, guanine) and pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, uracil).
30. True or False. DNA contains the sugar ribose.
False. DNA contains deoxyribose; RNA contains ribose.
31. Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA but not in DNA?
Uracil.
32. Which nitrogenous base is found in DNA but not in RNA?
Thymine.
33. What type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together?
Hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.
34. Which base pairs with adenine in DNA?
Thymine.
35. Which base pairs with cytosine in DNA?
Guanine.
36. True or False. RNA is typically double-stranded like DNA.
False. RNA is usually single-stranded.
37. Name the three main types of RNA involved in protein synthesis.
mRNA (messenger RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA).
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,TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Module 1 : (Chemistry & Cell Structure)
• Module 2 : (Microbial Growth & Control) equivalent
• Module 3: (Gram Stain & Bacterial Classification)
• Module 4 : (Viruses & Prions)
• Module 5: (Metabolism & Genetics)
Module 1: Chemistry & Cell Structure
1. What is the smallest biological unit of life?
A cell.
2. True or False. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
True.
3. Name the four major classes of macromolecules found in all cells.
Proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides (carbohydrates).
4. What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the cell?
Energy storage and structural support.
5. True or False. Monosaccharides are the building blocks of proteins.
False. Monosaccharides are building blocks of carbohydrates; amino acids are building
blocks of proteins.
6. What is the general formula for a monosaccharide?
(CH₂O)ₙ, where n is typically 3 to 7.
7. Name the three most common monosaccharides.
Glucose, fructose, galactose.
8. True or False. Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose.
True.
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,9. What type of bond joins two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide?
Glycosidic bond.
10. What are polysaccharides?
Long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds.
11. Name the primary storage polysaccharide in animals.
Glycogen.
12. Name the primary storage polysaccharide in plants.
Starch.
13. True or False. Cellulose is a polysaccharide that humans can digest.
False. Humans lack cellulase to digest cellulose.
14. What is the structural difference between starch and cellulose?
Starch has α(1→4) glycosidic bonds; cellulose has β(1→4) bonds.
15. What are the building blocks (monomers) of proteins?
Amino acids.
16. How many standard amino acids are there?
20.
17. True or False. All amino acids have the same basic structure: a central carbon,
an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable R-group.
True.
18. What type of bond links amino acids together in a protein?
Peptide bond.
19. A chain of amino acids is called a what?
Polypeptide.
20. True or False. A protein is a functional molecule composed of one or more
polypeptides folded into a specific three-dimensional shape.
True.
21. List the four levels of protein structure.
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary.
22. What determines the primary structure of a protein?
The linear sequence of amino acids.
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, 23. Name two common secondary structures found in proteins.
Alpha helix and beta-pleated sheet.
24. True or False. Hydrogen bonds stabilize secondary structures.
True.
25. What is denaturation of a protein?
Loss of three-dimensional structure and function due to heat, pH change, or chemicals.
26. True or False. Denaturation always breaks peptide bonds.
False. Denaturation disrupts secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure but not
primary structure (peptide bonds remain intact).
27. What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides.
28. Name the three components of a nucleotide.
A phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
29. What are the two types of nitrogenous bases?
Purines (adenine, guanine) and pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, uracil).
30. True or False. DNA contains the sugar ribose.
False. DNA contains deoxyribose; RNA contains ribose.
31. Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA but not in DNA?
Uracil.
32. Which nitrogenous base is found in DNA but not in RNA?
Thymine.
33. What type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together?
Hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.
34. Which base pairs with adenine in DNA?
Thymine.
35. Which base pairs with cytosine in DNA?
Guanine.
36. True or False. RNA is typically double-stranded like DNA.
False. RNA is usually single-stranded.
37. Name the three main types of RNA involved in protein synthesis.
mRNA (messenger RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA).
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