NUR 445 LATEST 2026 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔What are three interventions for Cushing's disease? (Hint: I.H.B) - ✔✔- IVP steroids
(cant stop steroids abruptly)
- Hydrocortisone
- Blood glucose management
✔✔What causes Addison's disease? - ✔✔Decreased aldosterone and cortisol by the
adrenal glands
✔✔What are four cues for Addison's disease? (Hint: BAIL) - ✔✔- Bronze/ cropper skin
- Low BP
- Irritable/ emotional
- Abnormal ECG - peaked T waves
✔✔What four labs increase and decrease with Addison's disease? (Hint: 4 H's) - ✔✔-
Hypercalcemia
- Hypoglycemia
- Hyperkalemia
- Hyponatremia
✔✔What are three treatment/interventions for Addison's disease? (Hint: I.H.E) - ✔✔- IV
fluids
- Hydrocortisone
- Electrolytes monitoring/ replacement
✔✔Describe DM1, what are the three key points? - ✔✔- Body doesn't produce insulin
- Autoimmune (body attacks the pancreas)
- Heredity: "You pass it on"
✔✔Describe DM2, what the three key points? - ✔✔- Few insulin receptors work
- Insulin resistance (diet)
- YOU: Your diet (ex. high simple sugars) and sedentary lifestyle
✔✔What is the most common adverse effect of insulin therapy? - ✔✔Hypoglycemia
Remember: Most deadly- "Hypogly- the brain will die"
✔✔Clinical manifestations for Cushing disease - ✔✔HTN, moon face, buffalo hump,
hypernatremia, hypocalcemia, hyperglycemia, and hypokalemia
✔✔A decreased metabolic rate where everything slows down. - ✔✔Hypothyroidism
,✔✔Clinical manifestations of HHS - ✔✔Dehydration, glucose levels >600, serum pH
greater than 7.4, high bicarbonate concentration, and alteration of LOC
✔✔Complications for T1DM - ✔✔Acidosis, ketosis, and an elevated anion gap
✔✔Clinical manifestations for myxedema coma - ✔✔Hypoxia, carbon dioxide retention,
lethargy, fatigue
✔✔Treatment for DI - ✔✔D5W fluid replacement, DDAVP (desmopressin/vasopressin)
✔✔TX for hyperthyroidism - ✔✔Tapazole (methimazole), PTU (propylthiouracil),
radioactive Iodine 131, and provide a cool quiet environment.
✔✔Condition caused from a decrease of glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids. -
✔✔Addison's disease
✔✔Excessive production of ACTH and glucocorticoids. - ✔✔Cushings disease
✔✔Febrile state, tachycardia, HTN, tremors - ✔✔Thyroid storm
✔✔TX for both DKA and HHS - ✔✔Hydration w/ fluids, insulin drip, hrly glucose check,
and strict I&O
✔✔Severe dehydration, low urine specific gravity, hypernatremia. - ✔✔Diabetes
insipidus
✔✔Main electrolyte we are concerned with for DKA and HHS. - ✔✔Potassium
✔✔TX for Addison's disease. - ✔✔IV fluids, prednisone, or hydrocortisone, and
electrolyte monitoring/replacement
✔✔Causes for SIADH. - ✔✔Head trauma, tumors, infections, medications
✔✔Causes water intoxication and hypernatremia. - ✔✔Excessive secretion of ADH
✔✔Extreme hyperosmolarity leads to osmotic diuresis, profound dehydration,
electrolyte imbalance. - ✔✔Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNS)
✔✔Lab values for hyperthyroidism. - ✔✔Increased levels of T3 and T4 and decreased
TSH in primary hyperthyroidism
✔✔Long acting insulin given to control glucose over 24 hrs. - ✔✔Lantus
, ✔✔Electrolytes that are affected from the deficiency of aldosterone and cortisol. -
✔✔Hypercalcemia, hypoglycemia, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia
✔✔This form of diabetes is caused by an autoimmune disorder. - ✔✔Diabetes Type 1
✔✔Which of the following is true regarding DI. - ✔✔Decreased production or a
decreased renal response to ADH
✔✔Low T3 and T4 and high TSH (underactive thyroid). - ✔✔Primary hypothyroidism
✔✔After a thyroidectomy monitor. - ✔✔Hypocalcemia
✔✔Which of the following is true regarding SIADH. - ✔✔Hyponatremia <135
✔✔What are the TX of SIADH. - ✔✔Hypersonic saline solution (3% NS), fluid
restriction, diuretics, electrolyte replacement, daily weight
✔✔Foot care in diabetes is important because of... - ✔✔Neuropathy
✔✔In DKA there is no insulin present, therefore fats are broken down and _____ is
released as a byproduct for energy. - ✔✔Ketones
✔✔A patient in DKA may experience. - ✔✔Metabolic acidosis
Note: HHS is like DKA, but does not have ketones
✔✔First TX intervention in a patient with DKA. - ✔✔IV Fluids
Note: Before starting IV insulin, watch potassium levels
✔✔Type of respirations that attempt to remove acid from the body to increaser pH. -
✔✔Kussmaul
✔✔Which of the following does NOT increase blood sugar. - ✔✔Exercise
Note: Stress, illness, and eating will increase sugar
✔✔BG >600, major fluid loss, more common in type 2. - ✔✔Hyperosmolar
hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS)
Note: Diabetes insipidus is the opposite of SIADH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔What are three interventions for Cushing's disease? (Hint: I.H.B) - ✔✔- IVP steroids
(cant stop steroids abruptly)
- Hydrocortisone
- Blood glucose management
✔✔What causes Addison's disease? - ✔✔Decreased aldosterone and cortisol by the
adrenal glands
✔✔What are four cues for Addison's disease? (Hint: BAIL) - ✔✔- Bronze/ cropper skin
- Low BP
- Irritable/ emotional
- Abnormal ECG - peaked T waves
✔✔What four labs increase and decrease with Addison's disease? (Hint: 4 H's) - ✔✔-
Hypercalcemia
- Hypoglycemia
- Hyperkalemia
- Hyponatremia
✔✔What are three treatment/interventions for Addison's disease? (Hint: I.H.E) - ✔✔- IV
fluids
- Hydrocortisone
- Electrolytes monitoring/ replacement
✔✔Describe DM1, what are the three key points? - ✔✔- Body doesn't produce insulin
- Autoimmune (body attacks the pancreas)
- Heredity: "You pass it on"
✔✔Describe DM2, what the three key points? - ✔✔- Few insulin receptors work
- Insulin resistance (diet)
- YOU: Your diet (ex. high simple sugars) and sedentary lifestyle
✔✔What is the most common adverse effect of insulin therapy? - ✔✔Hypoglycemia
Remember: Most deadly- "Hypogly- the brain will die"
✔✔Clinical manifestations for Cushing disease - ✔✔HTN, moon face, buffalo hump,
hypernatremia, hypocalcemia, hyperglycemia, and hypokalemia
✔✔A decreased metabolic rate where everything slows down. - ✔✔Hypothyroidism
,✔✔Clinical manifestations of HHS - ✔✔Dehydration, glucose levels >600, serum pH
greater than 7.4, high bicarbonate concentration, and alteration of LOC
✔✔Complications for T1DM - ✔✔Acidosis, ketosis, and an elevated anion gap
✔✔Clinical manifestations for myxedema coma - ✔✔Hypoxia, carbon dioxide retention,
lethargy, fatigue
✔✔Treatment for DI - ✔✔D5W fluid replacement, DDAVP (desmopressin/vasopressin)
✔✔TX for hyperthyroidism - ✔✔Tapazole (methimazole), PTU (propylthiouracil),
radioactive Iodine 131, and provide a cool quiet environment.
✔✔Condition caused from a decrease of glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids. -
✔✔Addison's disease
✔✔Excessive production of ACTH and glucocorticoids. - ✔✔Cushings disease
✔✔Febrile state, tachycardia, HTN, tremors - ✔✔Thyroid storm
✔✔TX for both DKA and HHS - ✔✔Hydration w/ fluids, insulin drip, hrly glucose check,
and strict I&O
✔✔Severe dehydration, low urine specific gravity, hypernatremia. - ✔✔Diabetes
insipidus
✔✔Main electrolyte we are concerned with for DKA and HHS. - ✔✔Potassium
✔✔TX for Addison's disease. - ✔✔IV fluids, prednisone, or hydrocortisone, and
electrolyte monitoring/replacement
✔✔Causes for SIADH. - ✔✔Head trauma, tumors, infections, medications
✔✔Causes water intoxication and hypernatremia. - ✔✔Excessive secretion of ADH
✔✔Extreme hyperosmolarity leads to osmotic diuresis, profound dehydration,
electrolyte imbalance. - ✔✔Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNS)
✔✔Lab values for hyperthyroidism. - ✔✔Increased levels of T3 and T4 and decreased
TSH in primary hyperthyroidism
✔✔Long acting insulin given to control glucose over 24 hrs. - ✔✔Lantus
, ✔✔Electrolytes that are affected from the deficiency of aldosterone and cortisol. -
✔✔Hypercalcemia, hypoglycemia, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia
✔✔This form of diabetes is caused by an autoimmune disorder. - ✔✔Diabetes Type 1
✔✔Which of the following is true regarding DI. - ✔✔Decreased production or a
decreased renal response to ADH
✔✔Low T3 and T4 and high TSH (underactive thyroid). - ✔✔Primary hypothyroidism
✔✔After a thyroidectomy monitor. - ✔✔Hypocalcemia
✔✔Which of the following is true regarding SIADH. - ✔✔Hyponatremia <135
✔✔What are the TX of SIADH. - ✔✔Hypersonic saline solution (3% NS), fluid
restriction, diuretics, electrolyte replacement, daily weight
✔✔Foot care in diabetes is important because of... - ✔✔Neuropathy
✔✔In DKA there is no insulin present, therefore fats are broken down and _____ is
released as a byproduct for energy. - ✔✔Ketones
✔✔A patient in DKA may experience. - ✔✔Metabolic acidosis
Note: HHS is like DKA, but does not have ketones
✔✔First TX intervention in a patient with DKA. - ✔✔IV Fluids
Note: Before starting IV insulin, watch potassium levels
✔✔Type of respirations that attempt to remove acid from the body to increaser pH. -
✔✔Kussmaul
✔✔Which of the following does NOT increase blood sugar. - ✔✔Exercise
Note: Stress, illness, and eating will increase sugar
✔✔BG >600, major fluid loss, more common in type 2. - ✔✔Hyperosmolar
hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS)
Note: Diabetes insipidus is the opposite of SIADH
