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SED2601 Assignment 3 2026 (Answer Guide) – Sociology of
Education
VERIFIED AND CERTIFIED ANSWERS. WRITTEN IN REQUIRED FORMAT AND WITHIN
GIVEN GUIDELINES. IT IS GOOD TO USE AS A GUIDE AND FOR REFERENCE, NEVER
PLAGARIZE. Thank you and success in your academics.
UNISA, 2026
Contents
QUESTION 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 3
1.1 Explanation of concepts .............................................................................................................. 3
a. Citizenship (2) ............................................................................................................................... 3
b. Citizen (2) ....................................................................................................................................... 3
c. Elitism (2) ....................................................................................................................................... 3
d. Modern democracy (2) ............................................................................................................... 3
e. Patriotism (2)................................................................................................................................. 3
1.2 Difference between citizenship education and cosmopolitan citizenship (4) ............... 4
1.3 Advantages and disadvantages of active and passive approaches to citizenship
education (6).......................................................................................................................................... 4
Active citizenship education ......................................................................................................... 4
Passive citizenship education ...................................................................................................... 5
1.4 Apartheid-based citizenship (4)................................................................................................. 6
QUESTION 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 6
2.1 Differences and similarities in citizenship: UK, USA, and post-apartheid South
Africa (15) ............................................................................................................................................... 6
Similarities ......................................................................................................................................... 6
Differences ......................................................................................................................................... 7
United Kingdom ................................................................................................................................ 7
United States of America ............................................................................................................... 7
Post-apartheid South Africa .......................................................................................................... 7
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Meaning of ‘think globally, act locally’ (5) .............................................................................. 8
QUESTION 3 .............................................................................................................................................. 8
3.1 Difference between diversity, culture, and class (6) ............................................................ 8
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3.2 Significance of diversity and class in the Sociology of Education (6)............................ 9
3.3 Biological vs sociological perspectives on race (4) .......................................................... 10
QUESTION 4 ............................................................................................................................................ 10
4.1 Description of concepts with examples ................................................................................ 10
a. Ascribed characteristics (3) .................................................................................................... 10
b. Achieved characteristics (3) ................................................................................................... 11
c. Stratification systems (3) ......................................................................................................... 11
4.2 Access to education and its dependence on race, class, and gender (6).................... 11
4.3 Meaning of “access” to schooling (5).................................................................................... 12
QUESTION 5 ............................................................................................................................................ 12
5.1 Karl Marx’s views on stratification: capitalists and workers (8) ..................................... 13
5.3 Conflict theorists and the hidden curriculum (6) ................................................................ 13
5.4 Gender-fair teaching guidelines by Goduka (1999) (6) ...................................................... 14
1. Use non-sexist language ......................................................................................................... 14
2. Provide equal participation opportunities .......................................................................... 14
3. Challenge gender stereotypes ............................................................................................... 15
References ............................................................................................................................................... 15
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QUESTION 1
1.1 Explanation of concepts
a. Citizenship (2)
Citizenship refers to the legal and social relationship between an individual and a state,
which entitles the individual to certain rights, responsibilities, and participation in political
processes. It includes civil, political, and social rights such as voting, access to services,
and legal protection (Marshall, 1950).
b. Citizen (2)
A citizen is a legally recognized member of a state who enjoys rights such as political
participation and protection under the law, while also fulfilling duties such as obeying
laws and contributing to society (Heywood, 2013).
c. Elitism (2)
Elitism is the belief that a small, privileged group of people (the elite) should hold power
and make decisions for society, based on the assumption that they are more capable or
knowledgeable than the general population (Bottomore, 1993).
d. Modern democracy (2)
Modern democracy is a system of governance in which power resides with the people,
exercised either directly or through elected representatives, and is characterised by
principles such as equality, rule of law, and protection of human rights (Dahl, 1998).
e. Patriotism (2)
Patriotism refers to a sense of love, loyalty, and devotion to one’s country, often
expressed through pride in national identity and willingness to support and defend the
nation (Primoratz, 2002).
SED2601 Assignment 3 2026 (Answer Guide) – Sociology of
Education
VERIFIED AND CERTIFIED ANSWERS. WRITTEN IN REQUIRED FORMAT AND WITHIN
GIVEN GUIDELINES. IT IS GOOD TO USE AS A GUIDE AND FOR REFERENCE, NEVER
PLAGARIZE. Thank you and success in your academics.
UNISA, 2026
Contents
QUESTION 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 3
1.1 Explanation of concepts .............................................................................................................. 3
a. Citizenship (2) ............................................................................................................................... 3
b. Citizen (2) ....................................................................................................................................... 3
c. Elitism (2) ....................................................................................................................................... 3
d. Modern democracy (2) ............................................................................................................... 3
e. Patriotism (2)................................................................................................................................. 3
1.2 Difference between citizenship education and cosmopolitan citizenship (4) ............... 4
1.3 Advantages and disadvantages of active and passive approaches to citizenship
education (6).......................................................................................................................................... 4
Active citizenship education ......................................................................................................... 4
Passive citizenship education ...................................................................................................... 5
1.4 Apartheid-based citizenship (4)................................................................................................. 6
QUESTION 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 6
2.1 Differences and similarities in citizenship: UK, USA, and post-apartheid South
Africa (15) ............................................................................................................................................... 6
Similarities ......................................................................................................................................... 6
Differences ......................................................................................................................................... 7
United Kingdom ................................................................................................................................ 7
United States of America ............................................................................................................... 7
Post-apartheid South Africa .......................................................................................................... 7
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Meaning of ‘think globally, act locally’ (5) .............................................................................. 8
QUESTION 3 .............................................................................................................................................. 8
3.1 Difference between diversity, culture, and class (6) ............................................................ 8
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3.2 Significance of diversity and class in the Sociology of Education (6)............................ 9
3.3 Biological vs sociological perspectives on race (4) .......................................................... 10
QUESTION 4 ............................................................................................................................................ 10
4.1 Description of concepts with examples ................................................................................ 10
a. Ascribed characteristics (3) .................................................................................................... 10
b. Achieved characteristics (3) ................................................................................................... 11
c. Stratification systems (3) ......................................................................................................... 11
4.2 Access to education and its dependence on race, class, and gender (6).................... 11
4.3 Meaning of “access” to schooling (5).................................................................................... 12
QUESTION 5 ............................................................................................................................................ 12
5.1 Karl Marx’s views on stratification: capitalists and workers (8) ..................................... 13
5.3 Conflict theorists and the hidden curriculum (6) ................................................................ 13
5.4 Gender-fair teaching guidelines by Goduka (1999) (6) ...................................................... 14
1. Use non-sexist language ......................................................................................................... 14
2. Provide equal participation opportunities .......................................................................... 14
3. Challenge gender stereotypes ............................................................................................... 15
References ............................................................................................................................................... 15
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QUESTION 1
1.1 Explanation of concepts
a. Citizenship (2)
Citizenship refers to the legal and social relationship between an individual and a state,
which entitles the individual to certain rights, responsibilities, and participation in political
processes. It includes civil, political, and social rights such as voting, access to services,
and legal protection (Marshall, 1950).
b. Citizen (2)
A citizen is a legally recognized member of a state who enjoys rights such as political
participation and protection under the law, while also fulfilling duties such as obeying
laws and contributing to society (Heywood, 2013).
c. Elitism (2)
Elitism is the belief that a small, privileged group of people (the elite) should hold power
and make decisions for society, based on the assumption that they are more capable or
knowledgeable than the general population (Bottomore, 1993).
d. Modern democracy (2)
Modern democracy is a system of governance in which power resides with the people,
exercised either directly or through elected representatives, and is characterised by
principles such as equality, rule of law, and protection of human rights (Dahl, 1998).
e. Patriotism (2)
Patriotism refers to a sense of love, loyalty, and devotion to one’s country, often
expressed through pride in national identity and willingness to support and defend the
nation (Primoratz, 2002).
