NPS STUDY GUIDE 2026 COMPREHENSIVE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
◉Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Answer: Definition
- form of chronic lung disease seen in infants with severe RDS
following prolonged positive-pressure ventilation and supplemental
O2 therapy. dysplasia refers to abnormal development of bronchi
and lungs
etiology
- prolonged exposure to high concentrations of O2 with positive-
pressure ventilation
- high PIP on ventilators leads to barotrauma cuasing BPD
- Occurs most frequent in babies weighing less than 1500 g
◉Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)
pathophysiology. Answer: stage 1: 2 to 4 days after birth
- hyaline membrane formation
- atelactisis
- necrosis of bronchiolar mucosa
- bronchiolar metaplasia
,stage 2: 4 to 10 days after birth
- necrosis of repair of alveolar and bronchial epithelium
- emphysematous changes
stage 3: 10 to 20 days after birth
- interstitial fibrosis
- atelactisis
- bronchial metaplasia
- mucous production increases
- bullae formation
stage 4: 30 days after birth
- formation of emphysematous alveloli
- atelactisis
- continuation of interstitial fibrosis
◉Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)
clinical manifestations and xray. Answer: clinical manifestations
- increased airway resistance
- decreased dynamic lung compliance
- normal or increased static lung compliance
,- ventilation/perfusion mismatch
- hypoxemia at room air
- hypercapnea
- barrel chest
- retractions
chest x-ray
- ground glass appearance
- opacification
- atelactisis
- hyperlucency
- bullae
◉Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)
treatment. Answer: O2 therapy to maintain PaO2 between 50 and
70mmHg
mechanical ventilation
humidification
CPT and suctioning
, adequate nutrition
maintenance of blood and fluid
bronchodilator therapy
◉meconium aspiration. Answer: definition
- aspiration of meconium most commonly associated with full-term
or post-term infants. Meconium is discharged in the first fetal bowel
movement and is composed of mucous, vernix, epithelial cells and
amniotic fluid
etiology
- baby becomes hypoxic and meconium is passed in amniotic fluid
- infant will breath amniotic fluid into oropharynx -
- if baby is stressed, deeper breathes will occur causing meconium to
aspirate
- post term babies are at greater risk because less amniotic fluid is
present
◉meconium aspiration cont 1. Answer: pathophysiology
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
◉Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Answer: Definition
- form of chronic lung disease seen in infants with severe RDS
following prolonged positive-pressure ventilation and supplemental
O2 therapy. dysplasia refers to abnormal development of bronchi
and lungs
etiology
- prolonged exposure to high concentrations of O2 with positive-
pressure ventilation
- high PIP on ventilators leads to barotrauma cuasing BPD
- Occurs most frequent in babies weighing less than 1500 g
◉Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)
pathophysiology. Answer: stage 1: 2 to 4 days after birth
- hyaline membrane formation
- atelactisis
- necrosis of bronchiolar mucosa
- bronchiolar metaplasia
,stage 2: 4 to 10 days after birth
- necrosis of repair of alveolar and bronchial epithelium
- emphysematous changes
stage 3: 10 to 20 days after birth
- interstitial fibrosis
- atelactisis
- bronchial metaplasia
- mucous production increases
- bullae formation
stage 4: 30 days after birth
- formation of emphysematous alveloli
- atelactisis
- continuation of interstitial fibrosis
◉Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)
clinical manifestations and xray. Answer: clinical manifestations
- increased airway resistance
- decreased dynamic lung compliance
- normal or increased static lung compliance
,- ventilation/perfusion mismatch
- hypoxemia at room air
- hypercapnea
- barrel chest
- retractions
chest x-ray
- ground glass appearance
- opacification
- atelactisis
- hyperlucency
- bullae
◉Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)
treatment. Answer: O2 therapy to maintain PaO2 between 50 and
70mmHg
mechanical ventilation
humidification
CPT and suctioning
, adequate nutrition
maintenance of blood and fluid
bronchodilator therapy
◉meconium aspiration. Answer: definition
- aspiration of meconium most commonly associated with full-term
or post-term infants. Meconium is discharged in the first fetal bowel
movement and is composed of mucous, vernix, epithelial cells and
amniotic fluid
etiology
- baby becomes hypoxic and meconium is passed in amniotic fluid
- infant will breath amniotic fluid into oropharynx -
- if baby is stressed, deeper breathes will occur causing meconium to
aspirate
- post term babies are at greater risk because less amniotic fluid is
present
◉meconium aspiration cont 1. Answer: pathophysiology
