NPS EXAM REVIEW 2026 DETAILED
QUESTIONS AND SOLVED SOLUTIONS
◉Bronchiolitis. Answer: DEFINITION
- inflammation of the bronchioles most commonly seen in children
during the first 2 years of life
ETIOLOGY
- commonly from RSV
- adenovirus and influenza virus
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- virus causes inflammation of the bronchioles, mucosal edema, and
spasm of the bronchiolar smooth muscle
- inspiratory and expiratory flow becomes obstructed increasing
FRC
- atelactisis in some cases from severe inflammation
◉Bronchiolitis cont 1. Answer: CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- recent upper resp tract infection
,- fever
- cough
- tachypnea/ dyspnea/ apnea
- rales and wheezing
- retractions
- hypoxemia
XRAY
- hyperradiolocency (airtrapping dark)
- infiltrates
TREATMENT
- O2 therapy
- CPAP
- ribavirin with SPAG
- mechanical ventilation
- hydration
◉Cystic Fibrosis. Answer: DEFINITION
- hereditary disease affecting the exocrine glands of the body that
results in the production of thick mucous form these glands. the
, glands most commonly affected are located in the pancreas, the
sweat glands and the lungs. It is COPD TYPE DISEASE
ETIOLOGY
- genetics: both mom and dad must carry gene
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- thick mucous is produced as a result of abnormally large numbers
of the bronchial glands and goblet cells
- mucous stagnates and leads to infection and obstruction
- obstruction leads to atelactisis, hyperinflation, and pneumonia
◉Cystic Fibrosis cont 1. Answer: CLINICAL MANIFISTATIONS
- tachypnea
- tachycardia
- cough with thick mucous
- increased AP diameter
- digital clubbing
- elevated chloride in sweat
- use of accessory muscles
- cyanosis
- cor pulmonale in late stages
QUESTIONS AND SOLVED SOLUTIONS
◉Bronchiolitis. Answer: DEFINITION
- inflammation of the bronchioles most commonly seen in children
during the first 2 years of life
ETIOLOGY
- commonly from RSV
- adenovirus and influenza virus
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- virus causes inflammation of the bronchioles, mucosal edema, and
spasm of the bronchiolar smooth muscle
- inspiratory and expiratory flow becomes obstructed increasing
FRC
- atelactisis in some cases from severe inflammation
◉Bronchiolitis cont 1. Answer: CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- recent upper resp tract infection
,- fever
- cough
- tachypnea/ dyspnea/ apnea
- rales and wheezing
- retractions
- hypoxemia
XRAY
- hyperradiolocency (airtrapping dark)
- infiltrates
TREATMENT
- O2 therapy
- CPAP
- ribavirin with SPAG
- mechanical ventilation
- hydration
◉Cystic Fibrosis. Answer: DEFINITION
- hereditary disease affecting the exocrine glands of the body that
results in the production of thick mucous form these glands. the
, glands most commonly affected are located in the pancreas, the
sweat glands and the lungs. It is COPD TYPE DISEASE
ETIOLOGY
- genetics: both mom and dad must carry gene
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- thick mucous is produced as a result of abnormally large numbers
of the bronchial glands and goblet cells
- mucous stagnates and leads to infection and obstruction
- obstruction leads to atelactisis, hyperinflation, and pneumonia
◉Cystic Fibrosis cont 1. Answer: CLINICAL MANIFISTATIONS
- tachypnea
- tachycardia
- cough with thick mucous
- increased AP diameter
- digital clubbing
- elevated chloride in sweat
- use of accessory muscles
- cyanosis
- cor pulmonale in late stages
