NR 571 FINAL EXAM PREP 2026 TEST PAPER
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ centrally acting alpha2 receptor agonists. Answer: -stimulate
alpha2-adrenergic receptors in the brain
-decrease sympathetic outflow from CNS
-decrease norepinephrine production
-stimulate renin activity in the kidneys
-decrease blood pressure
Ex: clonidine (catapres), methyldopa (aldomet)
◉ Clonidine. Answer: useful in management of withdrawal
symptoms in opioid-dependent person
◉ Peripherally acting alpha1 receptor agonists. Answer: "azosin"
-block alpha1-adrenergic receptors
-management of severe HF when used with glycosides and diuretics
-some used to relieve symptoms of BPH (flomax)
◉ "azosin" adverse effects. Answer: hypotension (first dose)
syncope
diziness
,◉ beta blockers "olol". Answer: Reduce BP by reducing heart rate
-cause reduced secretion of renin
-long term use causes peripheral vascular resistance
-improve survival after MI
Ex: nebivolol, propanolol, atenolol
◉ Dual action alpha1 and beta receptor blockers. Answer: reduce
HR (beta1)
cause vasodilation (alpha 1)
result in decreased BP
-Carvediolol, labetalol
◉ adrenergic adverse effects. Answer: high incidence of orthostatic
hypotension
bradycardia w/reflex tachycardia
sexual dysfunction
dry mouth
drowsiness, sedation
constipation
depression
edema
,◉ less common adrenergic adverse effects. Answer: headache
sleep disturbances
nausea
rash
cardiac disturbances (palpitations)
◉ ACE inhibitors "pril". Answer: inhibit angiotensin-converting
enzyme preventing angiotensin 1 from being converted to
angiotensin 2
-decreased systemic vascular resistance (afterload)
-vasodilation
-decreased blood pressure
◉ angiotensin 2. Answer: potent vasoconstrictor
causes aldosterone secretion from the adrenal glands
◉ indications for ACE inhibitors. Answer: -first line drugs for HF and
HTN
-slow progression of left ventricular hypertrophy after MI
-renal protective effects in patients with diabetes
, ◉ captopril and lisinopril. Answer: ACE inhibitors
-can be used if patient has liver dysfunction
-not prodrugs
◉ prodrugs. Answer: inactive in administered form and must be
metabolized in the liver to an active form to be effective
◉ "pril" adverse effects. Answer: hyperkalemia
angioedema
dry, nonproductive cough (reverses when therapy is stopped)
◉ angiotensin II receptor blockers "sartan". Answer: -block
receptors that receive angiotensin II
-block vasoconstriction and release of aldosterone
-well tolerated, do not cause cough
Ex: losartan, valsartan
◉ indications for ARB. Answer: HTN
adjunctive drugs for the treatment of HF
◉ "sartan" ARB adverse effects. Answer: URI
Headache
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ centrally acting alpha2 receptor agonists. Answer: -stimulate
alpha2-adrenergic receptors in the brain
-decrease sympathetic outflow from CNS
-decrease norepinephrine production
-stimulate renin activity in the kidneys
-decrease blood pressure
Ex: clonidine (catapres), methyldopa (aldomet)
◉ Clonidine. Answer: useful in management of withdrawal
symptoms in opioid-dependent person
◉ Peripherally acting alpha1 receptor agonists. Answer: "azosin"
-block alpha1-adrenergic receptors
-management of severe HF when used with glycosides and diuretics
-some used to relieve symptoms of BPH (flomax)
◉ "azosin" adverse effects. Answer: hypotension (first dose)
syncope
diziness
,◉ beta blockers "olol". Answer: Reduce BP by reducing heart rate
-cause reduced secretion of renin
-long term use causes peripheral vascular resistance
-improve survival after MI
Ex: nebivolol, propanolol, atenolol
◉ Dual action alpha1 and beta receptor blockers. Answer: reduce
HR (beta1)
cause vasodilation (alpha 1)
result in decreased BP
-Carvediolol, labetalol
◉ adrenergic adverse effects. Answer: high incidence of orthostatic
hypotension
bradycardia w/reflex tachycardia
sexual dysfunction
dry mouth
drowsiness, sedation
constipation
depression
edema
,◉ less common adrenergic adverse effects. Answer: headache
sleep disturbances
nausea
rash
cardiac disturbances (palpitations)
◉ ACE inhibitors "pril". Answer: inhibit angiotensin-converting
enzyme preventing angiotensin 1 from being converted to
angiotensin 2
-decreased systemic vascular resistance (afterload)
-vasodilation
-decreased blood pressure
◉ angiotensin 2. Answer: potent vasoconstrictor
causes aldosterone secretion from the adrenal glands
◉ indications for ACE inhibitors. Answer: -first line drugs for HF and
HTN
-slow progression of left ventricular hypertrophy after MI
-renal protective effects in patients with diabetes
, ◉ captopril and lisinopril. Answer: ACE inhibitors
-can be used if patient has liver dysfunction
-not prodrugs
◉ prodrugs. Answer: inactive in administered form and must be
metabolized in the liver to an active form to be effective
◉ "pril" adverse effects. Answer: hyperkalemia
angioedema
dry, nonproductive cough (reverses when therapy is stopped)
◉ angiotensin II receptor blockers "sartan". Answer: -block
receptors that receive angiotensin II
-block vasoconstriction and release of aldosterone
-well tolerated, do not cause cough
Ex: losartan, valsartan
◉ indications for ARB. Answer: HTN
adjunctive drugs for the treatment of HF
◉ "sartan" ARB adverse effects. Answer: URI
Headache
