PAT 201 Atherosclerosis
what is atherosclerosis? - correct answer✔ ✔ Is a form of
arteriosclerosis (thickening of arteries - various causes)
thickening and hardening caused by the accumulation of lipid-laden
macrophages in the arterial
*chronic, inflammatory condition (hidden, goes throughout life)
Progression - correct answer✔ ✔ Endothelium injury
Inflammation of endothelium
Cytokines released
Cellular proliferation
Macrophage migration
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) oxidation (foam cell formation) with
oxidative stress
Fatty streak
Fibrous plaque
Complicated plaque
,What causes DAMAGED ENDOTHELIUM - correct answer✔ ✔
Smoking, hypertension, diabetes, increased levels of low-density
lipoprotein, decrease levels of high density lipoprotein, autoimmunity,
high LDL, low HDL, exposure to proinflammatroy and prothrombotic
serum markers, adipokines, infection, air pollution, Trop
what happenes in LDL OXIDATION - correct answer✔ ✔ Low-
density lipoprotein (LDL) penetrates the arterial walls & becomes
trapped.
Inflammation, oxidative stress and activation of macrophages oxidizes
LDL
Activated macrophages engulf oxidized LDL
what happens in FATTY STREAK FORMATION? - correct answer✔
✔ Foam cells accumulate in significant amounts and form a lesion
called a fatty streak.
Cytokines and other enzymes are released
Migrate over the fatty streak and can progress to fibrous plaque
(atherosclerotic plaque)
, Complement cascade - destory an neutralize pathogens through
opsonications
Antibodies - Initiate classical pathway within a complement cascade
Bradykinin (stored and release by mass cells) - stimulate nerve ending
and cause pain with prostaglandins
Acute face proteins - IL-6 proinflammatory cytokin travels to live to
produce acute phase proteins
what happened in FIBROUS PLAQUE? - correct answer✔ ✔ fatty
streak and collagen
Plaques are unstable & prone to rupture due to:
inflammatory activation of proteinases
apoptosis (death) of cells in the plaque
plaque hemorrhage
plaques are clinically silent until they rupture
Heart - angina
Legs - intermittent claudication (working out, or activity ONLY)
Complicated plaque: plaques that have ruptured
what is atherosclerosis? - correct answer✔ ✔ Is a form of
arteriosclerosis (thickening of arteries - various causes)
thickening and hardening caused by the accumulation of lipid-laden
macrophages in the arterial
*chronic, inflammatory condition (hidden, goes throughout life)
Progression - correct answer✔ ✔ Endothelium injury
Inflammation of endothelium
Cytokines released
Cellular proliferation
Macrophage migration
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) oxidation (foam cell formation) with
oxidative stress
Fatty streak
Fibrous plaque
Complicated plaque
,What causes DAMAGED ENDOTHELIUM - correct answer✔ ✔
Smoking, hypertension, diabetes, increased levels of low-density
lipoprotein, decrease levels of high density lipoprotein, autoimmunity,
high LDL, low HDL, exposure to proinflammatroy and prothrombotic
serum markers, adipokines, infection, air pollution, Trop
what happenes in LDL OXIDATION - correct answer✔ ✔ Low-
density lipoprotein (LDL) penetrates the arterial walls & becomes
trapped.
Inflammation, oxidative stress and activation of macrophages oxidizes
LDL
Activated macrophages engulf oxidized LDL
what happens in FATTY STREAK FORMATION? - correct answer✔
✔ Foam cells accumulate in significant amounts and form a lesion
called a fatty streak.
Cytokines and other enzymes are released
Migrate over the fatty streak and can progress to fibrous plaque
(atherosclerotic plaque)
, Complement cascade - destory an neutralize pathogens through
opsonications
Antibodies - Initiate classical pathway within a complement cascade
Bradykinin (stored and release by mass cells) - stimulate nerve ending
and cause pain with prostaglandins
Acute face proteins - IL-6 proinflammatory cytokin travels to live to
produce acute phase proteins
what happened in FIBROUS PLAQUE? - correct answer✔ ✔ fatty
streak and collagen
Plaques are unstable & prone to rupture due to:
inflammatory activation of proteinases
apoptosis (death) of cells in the plaque
plaque hemorrhage
plaques are clinically silent until they rupture
Heart - angina
Legs - intermittent claudication (working out, or activity ONLY)
Complicated plaque: plaques that have ruptured
