RNA Transcription and Translation FINAL EXAM Questions and Answers 100% Verified Solved and Updated

RNA Transcription and Translation
FINAL EXAM Questions and Answers
100% Verified Solved and Updated
RNAMcanMformM_______MknownMasM______M-
MAnswerMRNAMcanMformMsecondaryMstructuresMknownMasMhairpinsM(orMstemMloop)



RNAMcanMbeM____MandM____M(whenM____)M-
MAnswerMRNAMcanMbeMsingleMstrandedMandMdoubleMstrandedM(whenMconvenientMorMe
nergeticallyMfavorable)



WhileMRNAMisMsingleMstranded,MitMisMenergeticallyMfavorableMforM______________.M-
MAnswerMWhileMRNAMisMsingleMstranded,MitMisMenergeticallyMfavorableMforMsomeMregio
nsMofMtheMmoleculeMtoMbaseMpairMwithMotherMregions,MasMlongMasMthereMisMsequenc
eMcomplementarity.



InMDNAMhairpinsMareMconsideredM____MandMinMRNAMareMconsideredM____M-
MAnswerMHairpinsMbadMforMDNA,MbutMgoodMforMRNAMtheyMareMintentional!



RNAMisMnotMalwaysM______M-MAnswerMsingleMstranded



RNAMisMalsoMknownMasMaM____MandMcontainsM_____M-
MAnswerMRNAMisMalsoMknownMasMaMribozymeMandMcontainsMcharacteristicsMofManMenz
yme



RNAMworldMhypothesisM-
MAnswerMhypothesisMthatMRNAMwasMtheMfirstMnucleicMacidMtoMevolveMandMthatMearly
MlifeMwasMbasedMonMRNA,MratherMthanMDNAMorMproteinMbecauseMofMitsMmultipleMfu
nctionsM(encoding,Mcatalytic,Menzymatic)



RNAMfunctionsM(4)M-
MAnswerMinformationMcoding,Mstructural,Mcatalytic,MandMenzymaticMfunction



RNAMisMstableMasMaMsingleMstrandMbecauseMitMcontainsMaM-MAnswerM2'MOH



WhatMprocessMmakesMRNA?M-MAnswerMDNAMtranscription

,HowMcanMDNAMactMasMaMtemplateMforMRNA?M-
MAnswerMRNAMhasMaMsimilarMstructureMtoMDNAMandMbaseMpairMwithMitMwhichMenabl
esMDNAMtoMactMasMaMtemplate,MonlyMdifferenceMisMthatMRNAMcontainsMuracilMinstead
MofMthymineMwhichMcanMbothMhydrogenMbondMtoMadenine



ThereMisMonlyM___MtypeMofMDNA,MhoweverMthereMareMaM____MofMRNAMbecauseM___
_.M-
MAnswerMThereMisMonlyMoneMtypeMofMDNA,MhoweverMthereMareMaMvarietyMofMRNA's
MbecauseMtheyMactMsimilarlyMtoMproteinsM(proteinsMhaveMmanyMdifferentMstructuresMan
dMfunctions)



mRNAM-MAnswerMmessengerMRNA,McodesMforMproteins



rRNAM-
MAnswerMribosomalMRNA;MformMbasicMstructureMofMribosomesMandMcatalyzeMproteinMsy
nthesis



tRNAM-
MAnswerMtransferMRNA;MtypeMofMRNAMthatMcarriesMaminoMacidsMtoMtheMribosome



WhatMenzymeMsynthesizesMRNA?M-MAnswerMRNAMpolymerase



RNAMpolymeraseMisMsimilarMtoM______,MasMitMcanMonlyMsynthesizeMinMaM_______Mdir
ectionM(templateMreadM________)M-
MAnswerMRNAMpolymeraseMisMsimilarMtoMDNAMpolymerase,MasMitMcanMonlyMsynthesize
MinMaM5'MtoM3'Mdirection.MTemplateMisMreadM3'MtoM5'.



RNAMpolymeraseM-
MAnswerMcatalyzesMRNAMphosphodiesterMbondsMbetweenMRNAMnucleotides



RNAMpolymeraseMdoesMnotMrequireMaM______M-MAnswerMprimer



WhileMDNAMpolymeraseMremainsMonMDNAMtoMsynthesizeMaMwholeMduplex,MRNAM....M-
MAnswerMisMonlyMassociatedMlongMenoughMonMtheMtemplateMtillMitMhasMtheMinformati
onMthatMisMneededMthenMitMwillMfallMoutMandMmoveMtoMtheMnextMregion

,CellsMhaveMaMaMhugeMquantityMofM____M-MAnswerMribosomalMRNA



EukaryotesMhaveM____MRNAMpolymerasesMbutMweMwillMonlyMbeMdiscussingM___M-
MAnswerMEukaryotesMonlyMhaveM3MRNAMpolymerasesMbutMweMwillMonlyMbeMdiscussing
MRNAMpolymeraseMII



DNAMconsensusMsequencesMareMalsoMknownMasM____MandMindicateM____M-
MAnswerMDNAMconsensusMsequencesMareMalsoMknownMasMpromotersMandMindicateMloca
tionMofMtranscriptionMstartMpoints



AMtranscriptionMstartMpointMisMtheMregionMwhereM-MAnswerMRNAMisMmade



FirstMnucleotideMmadeMbyMRNAMpolMatMtheMtranscriptionMstartMpointMonMDNAMisMloca
tedMatM-MAnswerM+1



LessMthanM____MpercentMofMtheMgenomeMisMcodingMmeaningMthatM___MofMtheMgeno
meMwillMnotMbeMturnedMintoM____M-
MAnswerMLessMthanM2%MofMtheMgenomeMisMcodingMmeaningMthatM98%MofMtheMgeno
meMwillMnotMbeMturnedMintoMRNA



ConsensusMsequencesMorMpromotersMindicateMtoMRNAMpolMwhereMtoM____MbecauseM__
_M-
MAnswerMwhereMtoMmakeMRNAMbecauseMitMwillMhelpMitMsaveMtimeMandMenergyMfrom
MhavingMtoMscanMandMsearchMDNA



PromoterMassociatedMwithMhistonesM-
MAnswerMPromoterMmoreMexposedMwhenMDNAMisMnotMtightlyMwoundMaroundMhistone
MandMmoreMhiddenMwhenMDNAMwrapsMtightlyMaroundMhistone



PromoterM=M-MAnswerMregionMofMDNAMthatMisMnotMcompletelyMsolidM-->Mpieces



TranscriptionalMstartMsitesMwillMhaveManywhereMfromM___MtoM___MofM______M-
MAnswerMTranscriptionalMstartMsitesMwillMhaveManywhereMfromM2MtoM4MofMtheseMcon
sensusMregionsMorMpromoters

, WhyMisMtheMpromoterMinMseveralMpiecesMatMtheMtranscriptionalMstartMsite?M-
MAnswerMRNAMpolymeraseMisMaMbulkyMhugeMmoleculeMwithMaMlargeMlandingMpadMand
MwillMmakeMcontactMwithMseveralMdifferentMsitesM(upMtoM4,MbutMusuallyM2MtoM3)



NumberingMatMtheMtranscriptionMstartMpointM-MAnswerMNoM0M-->M+1MorM-1

StartMpointM=MINRM+1M

+30M-->MDPEMsiteMisM30MnucleotidesMupMfromMtranscriptionalMstartMpointM

-30M-->MTATAM30MnucleotidesMawayMfromMTSS

-35M-->MBREM35MnucleotidesMawayMfromMTSS



TATAMandMDPEMareM60MnucleotidesMawayMfromMeachMother



GeneralMtranscriptionMfactorsMwillM-
MAnswerMbindMspecificallyMtoMtheseMconsensusMregionsMorMpromotersM(upMtoM4)



WhatMdoesMandMdoesn'tMmakeMdirectMcontactMwithMconsensusMregions?M-
MAnswerMRNAMpolymeraseMdoesMnotMdirectlyMbindMtoMconsensusMregions.MTheMtranscri
ptionMfactorsMbindMtoMtheseMconsensusMregionsMandMbindMRNAMpolymeraseMthere.



TranscriptionMfactorsMRoleM-
MAnswerMPositionMRNAMpolymeraseMatMtheMcorrectMDNAMsequencesM(gene)MwhereMtra
nscriptionMisMsupposedMtoMbeginMandMhelpMinitiateMtranscription



ThereMareMaMvarietyMofM____MwhichMhaveMaMaffinityM_____.M-
MAnswerMThereMareMaMvarietyMofMtranscriptionMfactorsMwhichMhaveManMaffinityMforMdi
fferentMstartMsites.



ThereMisMonlyM___MtranscriptionalMstartMsiteM-MAnswerM1



TFIIDMisMaM_____McontainingM_____MandMisMtheM______MtranscriptionMfactorMbecauseM
_____.M-
MAnswerMTFIIDMisMaMmassiveMproteinMcontainingM12MpolypeptideMsubunitsMandMisMthe
MmostMcriticalMtranscriptionMfactorMbecauseMitMisMtheMfirstMtoMarriveMtoMinitiateMtrans
cription.