Past paper 100% verified questions & answers- Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 5

What is the outermost layer of the skin that provides a protective barrier? ️☑️ The epidermis is the outermost layer that protects underlying tissues. Which cells in the epidermis are primarily responsible for producing keratin? ️☑️ Keratinocytes produce keratin, a tough protective protein. Which pigment gives skin its color and helps protect against UV radiation? ️☑️ Melanin is the pigment responsible for skin color and UV protection. Which cells produce melanin in the skin? ️☑️ Melanocytes produce melanin. Which layer of the skin lies beneath the epidermis? ️☑️ The dermis lies directly beneath the epidermis. What is the primary function of the dermis? ️☑️ The dermis provides structural support, elasticity, and nourishment to the epidermis. Which layer of skin contains fat and acts as insulation? ️☑️ The hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) contains fat and insulates the body. What type of tissue mainly composes the dermis? ️☑️ Dense irregular connective tissue composes most of the dermis. Which cells in the epidermis function in immune defense by detecting pathogens? ️☑️ Langerhans (dendritic) cells participate in immune defense. Which epidermal cells are associated with touch sensation? ️☑️ Merkel cells are involved in tactile sensation. What is the process by which keratinocytes are produced in the skin? ️☑️ Keratinocytes are produced through mitosis in the stratum basale. Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for continuous cell division? ️☑️ The stratum basale is responsible for continuous cell division. 2 What is the thickest layer of the epidermis in thick skin? ️☑️ The stratum corneum is the thickest layer in thick skin. What is the main function of the stratum corneum? ️☑️ It provides a tough, protective, and waterproof barrier. Which layer of the epidermis contains keratohyalin granules? ️☑️ The stratum granulosum contains keratohyalin granules. Which layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin? ️☑️ The stratum lucidum is found only in thick skin. What is the primary role of sweat glands? ️☑️ Sweat glands regulate body temperature through evaporation. What type of sweat gland is most common and involved in thermoregulation? ️☑️ Eccrine sweat glands are most common and aid thermoregulation. Which sweat glands are associated with hair follicles and produce thicker secretions? ️☑️ Apocrine sweat glands are associated with hair follicles and produce thicker secretions. What structure anchors hair into the skin? ️☑️ The hair follicle anchors hair into the skin. What is the part of hair located below the surface of the skin? ️☑️ The hair root lies below the skin surface. What is the visible portion of hair called? ️☑️ The hair shaft is the visible portion above the skin. Which part of the hair contains actively dividing cells? ️☑️ The hair matrix contains actively dividing cells. What gives hair its color? ️☑️ Melanin within the hair shaft determines hair color. What is the function of sebaceous glands? ️☑️ Sebaceous glands secrete sebum to lubricate and protect the skin and hair. What is sebum composed of? ️☑️ Sebum is composed of lipids and cellular debris. Which condition is caused by overproduction of sebum leading to clogged pores? ️☑️ Acne results from excess sebum and clogged pores. 3 What is the function of nails in the integumentary system? ️☑️ Nails protect the tips of fingers and toes and assist in manipulation. What is the visible part of the nail called? ️☑️ The nail body is the visible portion of the nail. What is the crescent-shaped white area at the base of the nail? ️☑️ The lunula is the crescent-shaped area at the nail base. What is the cuticle also known as in anatomical terms? ️☑️ The cuticle is known as the eponychium. What is the nail matrix responsible for? ️☑️ The nail matrix produces new nail cells for growth. Which layer of the dermis contains blood vessels and nerve endings? ️☑️ The papillary layer contains blood vessels and nerve endings. Which layer of the dermis provides strength and elasticity? ️☑️ The reticular layer provides strength and elasticity. What are dermal papillae? ️☑️ Dermal papillae are projections that increase surface area and interlock with the epidermis. What is the primary function of the integumentary system overall? ️☑️ It protects the body, regulates temperature, and provides sensory information. Which vitamin is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight? ️☑️ Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin with sunlight exposure. What role does the skin play in immune defense? ️☑️ The skin acts as a physical barrier and contains immune cells that detect pathogens. What is the term for excessive sweating? ️☑️ Hyperhidrosis is excessive sweating. What is the term for a lack of sweating? ️☑️ Anhidrosis is the absence of sweating. What type of tissue makes up the hypodermis mainly? ️☑️ Adipose tissue makes up most of the hypodermis. What is the function of adipose tissue in the hypodermis? ️☑️ It stores energy, cushions organs, and insulates the body. 4 Which receptors detect pressure and vibration in the skin? ️☑️ Pacinian corpuscles detect pressure and vibration.