((Mendelian & Molecular Genetics Final Exam:: 2026- 2027.))
Mendelian & Molecular Genetics Final Exam, Key Concepts
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_igerkq
1. Gametogenesis Gametogenesis is the process by which gametes are produced through cell
division and differentiation in the reproductive organs.
2. Nucleotides Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids, comprised of a phosphate group,
a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base.
3. Complementary Complementary base pairing is the specific hydrogen bonding between nitroge-
Base Pairing nous bases. Adenine pairs with thymine (or uracil), and guanine pairs with
cytosine.
4. DNA DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a double-stranded nucleic acid that stores
genetic information in cells. It contains the bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and
thymine.
5. Double Helix A double helix is the twisted ladder-like shape formed by two strands of DNA
coiled around each other.
6. RNA RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is usually a single-stranded nucleic acid involved in
coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. It contains the bases
adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil.
7. CRISPR-Cas9 CRISPR-Cas9 is a precise gene-editing tool that allows scientists to make targeted
changes to the DNA of plants and other organisms.
8. Next-Generation Next-generation sequencing (NGS) refers to advanced methods that allow rapid
Sequencing and large-scale sequencing of DNA or RNA. NGS can analyze entire genomes or
(NGS) specific regions efficiently, producing massive amounts of genetic data.
9. CRISPR-Cas9 CRISPR-Cas9 is a gene-editing system that uses a guide RNA and the Cas9 enzyme
to make targeted cuts in DNA, allowing for specific genetic modifications.
10. DNA Sequencing DNA sequencing is the process of determining the exact order of nucleotides in
a DNA molecule.
Page 1 of 15 3/31/2026
, ((Mendelian & Molecular Genetics Final Exam:: 2026- 2027.))
Mendelian & Molecular Genetics Final Exam, Key Concepts
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_igerkq
11. PCR PCR, or Polymerase Chain Reaction, is a technique used to make many copies of
a specific DNA segment *in vitro*.
12. Restriction En- Restriction enzymes are proteins that act like molecular scissors to cut DNA at
zymes specific sequences, enabling precise manipulation of DNA fragments in cloning
processes.
13. DNA Structure DNA is a molecule made of two long strands forming a double helix, composed
and Replication of nucleotides. Replication refers to the process where DNA makes an identical
copy of itself, ensuring genetic information passes from one cell generation to
the next.
14. Helicase Helicase is an enzyme that unwinds and separates the two strands of the DNA
double helix during replication.
15. Ligase Ligase is an enzyme that connects fragments of DNA by forming a bond between
them.
16. Nucleotide A nucleotide is the basic building block of DNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate
group, and a nitrogenous base.
17. Replication Fork The replication fork is the Y-shaped region where the DNA double helix is sepa-
rated into two single strands for replication.
18. Semiconserva- Semiconservative replication is the process by which DNA is copied so that each
tive Replication new molecule has one old strand and one new strand.
19. Gene Expression Gene expression regulation refers to the control of when and how much a gene
Regulation is transcribed and translated, allowing cells to respond to their environment and
maintain proper function.
20. RNA Polymerase RNA polymerase II is an enzyme in eukaryotic cells that synthesizes messenger
II RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template during the process of transcription.
Page 2 of 15 3/31/2026
Mendelian & Molecular Genetics Final Exam, Key Concepts
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_igerkq
1. Gametogenesis Gametogenesis is the process by which gametes are produced through cell
division and differentiation in the reproductive organs.
2. Nucleotides Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids, comprised of a phosphate group,
a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base.
3. Complementary Complementary base pairing is the specific hydrogen bonding between nitroge-
Base Pairing nous bases. Adenine pairs with thymine (or uracil), and guanine pairs with
cytosine.
4. DNA DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a double-stranded nucleic acid that stores
genetic information in cells. It contains the bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and
thymine.
5. Double Helix A double helix is the twisted ladder-like shape formed by two strands of DNA
coiled around each other.
6. RNA RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is usually a single-stranded nucleic acid involved in
coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. It contains the bases
adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil.
7. CRISPR-Cas9 CRISPR-Cas9 is a precise gene-editing tool that allows scientists to make targeted
changes to the DNA of plants and other organisms.
8. Next-Generation Next-generation sequencing (NGS) refers to advanced methods that allow rapid
Sequencing and large-scale sequencing of DNA or RNA. NGS can analyze entire genomes or
(NGS) specific regions efficiently, producing massive amounts of genetic data.
9. CRISPR-Cas9 CRISPR-Cas9 is a gene-editing system that uses a guide RNA and the Cas9 enzyme
to make targeted cuts in DNA, allowing for specific genetic modifications.
10. DNA Sequencing DNA sequencing is the process of determining the exact order of nucleotides in
a DNA molecule.
Page 1 of 15 3/31/2026
, ((Mendelian & Molecular Genetics Final Exam:: 2026- 2027.))
Mendelian & Molecular Genetics Final Exam, Key Concepts
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_igerkq
11. PCR PCR, or Polymerase Chain Reaction, is a technique used to make many copies of
a specific DNA segment *in vitro*.
12. Restriction En- Restriction enzymes are proteins that act like molecular scissors to cut DNA at
zymes specific sequences, enabling precise manipulation of DNA fragments in cloning
processes.
13. DNA Structure DNA is a molecule made of two long strands forming a double helix, composed
and Replication of nucleotides. Replication refers to the process where DNA makes an identical
copy of itself, ensuring genetic information passes from one cell generation to
the next.
14. Helicase Helicase is an enzyme that unwinds and separates the two strands of the DNA
double helix during replication.
15. Ligase Ligase is an enzyme that connects fragments of DNA by forming a bond between
them.
16. Nucleotide A nucleotide is the basic building block of DNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate
group, and a nitrogenous base.
17. Replication Fork The replication fork is the Y-shaped region where the DNA double helix is sepa-
rated into two single strands for replication.
18. Semiconserva- Semiconservative replication is the process by which DNA is copied so that each
tive Replication new molecule has one old strand and one new strand.
19. Gene Expression Gene expression regulation refers to the control of when and how much a gene
Regulation is transcribed and translated, allowing cells to respond to their environment and
maintain proper function.
20. RNA Polymerase RNA polymerase II is an enzyme in eukaryotic cells that synthesizes messenger
II RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template during the process of transcription.
Page 2 of 15 3/31/2026
