HOSA PHARMACOLOGY LATEST
UPDATED (2026) ACTUAL EXAM|
ALL 209 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS WITH RATIONALES
|GUARANTEED PASS (NEW!!)
1. SIDE EFFECT of ARBs: - CORRECT ANSWER ✅- · Hyperkalemia due
to Aldosterone inhibition release resulting to excessive production of
aldosterone
-Manifestation of hyperkalemia: nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, palpitation
or dysrhythmia, numbness or weakness of limb, chest pain.·
-Dry cough - due to accumulation of bradykinin which cause inflammation
in the lungs.·
-Angioedema - swelling of deeper layer of skin due to accumulation of
fluids.
2. Adrenergic Agonist (Sympathomimetics agents) - CORRECT ANSWER
✅- drug that mimics/ stimulate the function of sympathetic nervous system
that increases HR, blood pressure, breathing, pupillary response.
3. EPINEPHRINE - CORRECT ANSWER ✅- Natural catecholamine with
beta 1 and alpha 1 agonists effect·
contractility, conduction, bronchodilation, gluconeogenesis
Note: this drug cannot be use if the cause of hypotension and bradycardia is
cause by hypovolemia
,4. NOREPINEPHRINE - CORRECT ANSWER ✅- - potent catecholamine
and alpha 1 agonist·
Potent vasoconstrictor·
Increases myocardial contractility· Increased vascular resistance
INDICATION:· Hypotension resulting to shock cause by septic or
neurogenic shock.
5. ISOPROTERENOL (Isuprel) - CORRECT ANSWER ✅- a beta-1 and
beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist resulting in the following:
Increased heart rate.
Increased heart contractility.
Relaxation of bronchial, gastrointestinal, and uterine smooth muscle.
6. DOPAMINE: (Inoptrin) - CORRECT ANSWER ✅- Naturally occurring
catecholamine
ACTION:·
Activate dopaminergic receptor in major organs and periphery·
Increase force of cardiac contractility, Vasoconstriction
INDICATION· ↑ renal perfusion·
Treatment of hypotension·
Use after resuscitation to increase cerebral perfusion· Treatment of
pulmonary congestion, with low CO, hypotension with left ventricular
dysfunction.
Septic shock to improve left ventricular function
NOTE: Monitor the site because dopamine can cause tissue necrosis
extravasation. Never use peripheral access, always ensure central vein
access. (internal jugular, subclavian, femoral)
7. DOBUTAMINE (Dobutrex) - CORRECT ANSWER ✅- ACTION:·
directly stimulates beta-1 receptors of the heart to increase myocardial
contractility and stroke volume, resulting in increased cardiac output·
ionotropic effect increases contractility, leading to decreased end-systolic
volume and, therefore, increased stroke volume·
, improves cardiac output, decreases pulmonary wedge pressure, and
decreases total systemic vascular resistance with little effect on heart rate or
systemic arterial pressure.·
This is only given IV and IO INDICATION:·
Depressed contractility due to surgery/organic heart disease = hypotension·
Heart failure·
Correction of hemodynamic imbalances (
Shock =decreased BP·
Trauma = decreased BP
Dosage:
Infusion solution, in D5W
80 mg/100mL1
60 mg/100mL
320 mg/100mL
Injectable solution
40 mg/100mL
80 mg/100mL
160 mg/100mL
8. ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENTS - CORRECT ANSWER ✅- are used to
treat arrhythmias (disturbances in the normal heart rhythm).
9. Class I antiarrhythmics - CORRECT ANSWER ✅- the largest group of
antiarrhythmic drugs, consist of sodium channel blockers. This Affect the
conduction activity of AV node, Purkinje fiber and Bundle of His.
10.Class IA antiarrhythmics - CORRECT ANSWER ✅- are used to treat a
wide variety of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Include:•
disopyramide phosphate•
procainamide hydrochloride•
quinidine (sulfate, gluconate).
control arrhythmias by altering the myocardial cell membrane and
interfering with autonomic nervous system control of pacemaker cells.
, combined with other antiarrhythmics, such as beta adrenergic blockers,
increase the risk of arrhythmias
11.`FOUR CLASSES OF ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENTS:(Class I, II, III, &
IV) - CORRECT ANSWER ✅- Drugs that affect myocardial conduction
(Class I, II, III, & IV)·
The etiology and type of arrythmia will dictate the choice of drug.·
Mechanisms of action of antiarrhythmic drugs vary widely, and a few drugs
exhibit properties common to more than one class
12.Class I antiarrhythmics - CORRECT ANSWER ✅- sodium channel
blockers
suppress or correct dysrhythmias by interfering fast depolarization.
(movement of Na+ inside the cell making the outside muscle and nerve of
the heart less charge
13.All class I - CORRECT ANSWER ✅- suppress arrhythmias by blocking
the sodium channels in the cell membrane during an action potential, thereby
interfering with the conduction of impulses along adjacent cardiac cells and
producing a more membrane-stabilizing effect
14.Class IB antiarrhythmics - CORRECT ANSWER ✅- drugs work by
blocking the rapid influx of sodium ions during the depolarization- (phase of
the heart's depolarization-repolarization cycle. This results in a decreased
refractory period, which reduces the risk of arrhythmias).·
affect the Purkinje fibers (fibers in the conduction system of the heart) and
myocardial cells in the ventricles, they're only used to treat ventricular
arrhythmias used to treat ventricular ectopic beats, ventricular tachycardia,
and ventricular fibrillation.
may exhibit additive or antagonistic effects when administered with other
antiarrhythmics, such as phenytoin, propranolol, procainamide, and
quinidine.
UPDATED (2026) ACTUAL EXAM|
ALL 209 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS WITH RATIONALES
|GUARANTEED PASS (NEW!!)
1. SIDE EFFECT of ARBs: - CORRECT ANSWER ✅- · Hyperkalemia due
to Aldosterone inhibition release resulting to excessive production of
aldosterone
-Manifestation of hyperkalemia: nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, palpitation
or dysrhythmia, numbness or weakness of limb, chest pain.·
-Dry cough - due to accumulation of bradykinin which cause inflammation
in the lungs.·
-Angioedema - swelling of deeper layer of skin due to accumulation of
fluids.
2. Adrenergic Agonist (Sympathomimetics agents) - CORRECT ANSWER
✅- drug that mimics/ stimulate the function of sympathetic nervous system
that increases HR, blood pressure, breathing, pupillary response.
3. EPINEPHRINE - CORRECT ANSWER ✅- Natural catecholamine with
beta 1 and alpha 1 agonists effect·
contractility, conduction, bronchodilation, gluconeogenesis
Note: this drug cannot be use if the cause of hypotension and bradycardia is
cause by hypovolemia
,4. NOREPINEPHRINE - CORRECT ANSWER ✅- - potent catecholamine
and alpha 1 agonist·
Potent vasoconstrictor·
Increases myocardial contractility· Increased vascular resistance
INDICATION:· Hypotension resulting to shock cause by septic or
neurogenic shock.
5. ISOPROTERENOL (Isuprel) - CORRECT ANSWER ✅- a beta-1 and
beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist resulting in the following:
Increased heart rate.
Increased heart contractility.
Relaxation of bronchial, gastrointestinal, and uterine smooth muscle.
6. DOPAMINE: (Inoptrin) - CORRECT ANSWER ✅- Naturally occurring
catecholamine
ACTION:·
Activate dopaminergic receptor in major organs and periphery·
Increase force of cardiac contractility, Vasoconstriction
INDICATION· ↑ renal perfusion·
Treatment of hypotension·
Use after resuscitation to increase cerebral perfusion· Treatment of
pulmonary congestion, with low CO, hypotension with left ventricular
dysfunction.
Septic shock to improve left ventricular function
NOTE: Monitor the site because dopamine can cause tissue necrosis
extravasation. Never use peripheral access, always ensure central vein
access. (internal jugular, subclavian, femoral)
7. DOBUTAMINE (Dobutrex) - CORRECT ANSWER ✅- ACTION:·
directly stimulates beta-1 receptors of the heart to increase myocardial
contractility and stroke volume, resulting in increased cardiac output·
ionotropic effect increases contractility, leading to decreased end-systolic
volume and, therefore, increased stroke volume·
, improves cardiac output, decreases pulmonary wedge pressure, and
decreases total systemic vascular resistance with little effect on heart rate or
systemic arterial pressure.·
This is only given IV and IO INDICATION:·
Depressed contractility due to surgery/organic heart disease = hypotension·
Heart failure·
Correction of hemodynamic imbalances (
Shock =decreased BP·
Trauma = decreased BP
Dosage:
Infusion solution, in D5W
80 mg/100mL1
60 mg/100mL
320 mg/100mL
Injectable solution
40 mg/100mL
80 mg/100mL
160 mg/100mL
8. ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENTS - CORRECT ANSWER ✅- are used to
treat arrhythmias (disturbances in the normal heart rhythm).
9. Class I antiarrhythmics - CORRECT ANSWER ✅- the largest group of
antiarrhythmic drugs, consist of sodium channel blockers. This Affect the
conduction activity of AV node, Purkinje fiber and Bundle of His.
10.Class IA antiarrhythmics - CORRECT ANSWER ✅- are used to treat a
wide variety of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Include:•
disopyramide phosphate•
procainamide hydrochloride•
quinidine (sulfate, gluconate).
control arrhythmias by altering the myocardial cell membrane and
interfering with autonomic nervous system control of pacemaker cells.
, combined with other antiarrhythmics, such as beta adrenergic blockers,
increase the risk of arrhythmias
11.`FOUR CLASSES OF ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENTS:(Class I, II, III, &
IV) - CORRECT ANSWER ✅- Drugs that affect myocardial conduction
(Class I, II, III, & IV)·
The etiology and type of arrythmia will dictate the choice of drug.·
Mechanisms of action of antiarrhythmic drugs vary widely, and a few drugs
exhibit properties common to more than one class
12.Class I antiarrhythmics - CORRECT ANSWER ✅- sodium channel
blockers
suppress or correct dysrhythmias by interfering fast depolarization.
(movement of Na+ inside the cell making the outside muscle and nerve of
the heart less charge
13.All class I - CORRECT ANSWER ✅- suppress arrhythmias by blocking
the sodium channels in the cell membrane during an action potential, thereby
interfering with the conduction of impulses along adjacent cardiac cells and
producing a more membrane-stabilizing effect
14.Class IB antiarrhythmics - CORRECT ANSWER ✅- drugs work by
blocking the rapid influx of sodium ions during the depolarization- (phase of
the heart's depolarization-repolarization cycle. This results in a decreased
refractory period, which reduces the risk of arrhythmias).·
affect the Purkinje fibers (fibers in the conduction system of the heart) and
myocardial cells in the ventricles, they're only used to treat ventricular
arrhythmias used to treat ventricular ectopic beats, ventricular tachycardia,
and ventricular fibrillation.
may exhibit additive or antagonistic effects when administered with other
antiarrhythmics, such as phenytoin, propranolol, procainamide, and
quinidine.
