LING 301 TEST BANK 2026 SOLVED
QUESTIONS AND EXAM SCRIPT FULL
SOLUTION
▶ Stress. Answer: A combination of pitch, length, loudness that makes
one syllable more prominent than another
Some languages have stress free patterns while others have fixed stress
▶ Articulatory phonetics. Answer: Study of speech production
▶ Acoustic phonetics. Answer: Study of speech perception or how it is
transmitted onto the sound waves
▶ Spectograms. Answer: Used to visually represent acoustic properties of
speech sounds
Horizontal axis: Length of a segment
Vertical axis: The frequency at which the segment is produced (formants)
▶ Phonetics. Answer: The study of sounds
- How they are pronounced
- How they are perceived
▶ Phonology. Answer: The study of how those sounds are organized
within a language and how they interact with each other
- What is the organization of sounds in a language?
- What rules govern these relationships?
- In what ways can we understand and predict these rules and
relationships?
▶ Phonetic Inventory. Answer: The collection of sounds that are produced
as part of each language
- Different language may have different phonetic inventories
▶ Phonetic Constraints. Answer: A set of rules specific to each language
that govern which sounds sequences are possible in that language and
which are not
, ▶ Phonological Processes. Answer: Changes that a phonemic form
undergoes to produce the phonetic form usually in an attempt to reduce
articulatory effort or complexity
- Usually the result of an adjacent or nearby segment to the phoneme that
is undergoing the change
- Assimilation, dissimilation, insertion deletion, metathesis, fortition, lenition
▶ Assimilation. Answer: Causes a sound to become more similar to a
neighboring sound; the affected sound assimilated to neighboring sound
▶ Nasal Place Assimilation. Answer: An alveolar nasal assimilates to the
place of articulation of a following consonant
▶ Palatalization. Answer: A consonant becomes more like a neighboring
palatal sound
▶ Vocal Harmony. Answer: All vowels in a word harmonize or agree in
some property such as rounding or backness
▶ Dissimilation. Answer: Causes two adjacent sounds or nearby sounds to
become less similar
▶ Insertion (Epenthesis). Answer: Causes the insertion of an extra
phoneme at the phonetic level that is not present at the phonemic form
▶ Voiceless Stop Insertion. Answer: Between nasal and voiceless
fricative, a voiceless stop with the same place as the nasal is inserted
▶ Vowel Insertion. Answer: Insert a vowel between consonants
▶ Deletion. Answer: Causes the deletion of a sound at the phonetic level
that was present at the phonemic form
▶ Metathesis. Answer: Causes a change to the ordering of sounds to
make words easier to pronounce
▶ Fortition (Strengthening). Answer: Causes sounds to become stronger,
strengths a sound's features by the addition of a feature
QUESTIONS AND EXAM SCRIPT FULL
SOLUTION
▶ Stress. Answer: A combination of pitch, length, loudness that makes
one syllable more prominent than another
Some languages have stress free patterns while others have fixed stress
▶ Articulatory phonetics. Answer: Study of speech production
▶ Acoustic phonetics. Answer: Study of speech perception or how it is
transmitted onto the sound waves
▶ Spectograms. Answer: Used to visually represent acoustic properties of
speech sounds
Horizontal axis: Length of a segment
Vertical axis: The frequency at which the segment is produced (formants)
▶ Phonetics. Answer: The study of sounds
- How they are pronounced
- How they are perceived
▶ Phonology. Answer: The study of how those sounds are organized
within a language and how they interact with each other
- What is the organization of sounds in a language?
- What rules govern these relationships?
- In what ways can we understand and predict these rules and
relationships?
▶ Phonetic Inventory. Answer: The collection of sounds that are produced
as part of each language
- Different language may have different phonetic inventories
▶ Phonetic Constraints. Answer: A set of rules specific to each language
that govern which sounds sequences are possible in that language and
which are not
, ▶ Phonological Processes. Answer: Changes that a phonemic form
undergoes to produce the phonetic form usually in an attempt to reduce
articulatory effort or complexity
- Usually the result of an adjacent or nearby segment to the phoneme that
is undergoing the change
- Assimilation, dissimilation, insertion deletion, metathesis, fortition, lenition
▶ Assimilation. Answer: Causes a sound to become more similar to a
neighboring sound; the affected sound assimilated to neighboring sound
▶ Nasal Place Assimilation. Answer: An alveolar nasal assimilates to the
place of articulation of a following consonant
▶ Palatalization. Answer: A consonant becomes more like a neighboring
palatal sound
▶ Vocal Harmony. Answer: All vowels in a word harmonize or agree in
some property such as rounding or backness
▶ Dissimilation. Answer: Causes two adjacent sounds or nearby sounds to
become less similar
▶ Insertion (Epenthesis). Answer: Causes the insertion of an extra
phoneme at the phonetic level that is not present at the phonemic form
▶ Voiceless Stop Insertion. Answer: Between nasal and voiceless
fricative, a voiceless stop with the same place as the nasal is inserted
▶ Vowel Insertion. Answer: Insert a vowel between consonants
▶ Deletion. Answer: Causes the deletion of a sound at the phonetic level
that was present at the phonemic form
▶ Metathesis. Answer: Causes a change to the ordering of sounds to
make words easier to pronounce
▶ Fortition (Strengthening). Answer: Causes sounds to become stronger,
strengths a sound's features by the addition of a feature
