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NURS 5315: ADV PATHO EXAM 1
ACTUAL QUESTIONS 2026 WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS.
Etiology of Fluid Volume Deficit - correct answer-Dehydration
from vomiting or diarrhea and sweating
Clinical manifestations of Fluid Volume Deficit - correct answer-
Poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, sunken eyes,
sunken fontanels, decreased urine output and fatigue
Etiology of Fluid Volume Excess - correct answer-Intake or
retention of fluid that exceeds fluid needs. Can be caused by
renal failure.
Clinical manifestations of edema - correct answer-skin
tightness, eye puffiness, rales on ausculation
Etiology of edema - correct answer-Increased capillary
hydrostatic pressure caused by thrombophlebitis, hepatic
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obstruction, right heart failure, tight clothing, prolonged
standing, CHF and renal failure, liver disease, protein
malnutrition (from decreased production of plasma proteins),
glomerular disease, trauma, hemorrhage, burns and cirrhosis
Clinical manifestations of edema - correct answer-Generalized
edema (uniform distribution of fluid throughout the body),
dependent edema (fluid accumulation in gravity dependent
areas of body), localized edema (limited to site of injury)
Edema is identified by swelling and puffiness,weight gain,
dehydration from sequestering of fluids.
Euvolemic Hypernatremia etiology - correct answer-Occurs
when the total water loss is equally from all parts of their body
and not just simply from the intravascular space.
Euvolemic Hypernatremia clinical manifestations - correct
answer-diabetes insipidus
Hypovolemic Hypernatremia etilolgy - correct answer-Occurs
as a result of sodium and water loss; however, the water loss is
usually greater than the sodium loss.
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Hypovolemic Hypernatremia clinical manifestations - correct
answer-volume depletion, orthostatic hypotension, hypotension,
tachycardia, lack of organ perfusion. A common cause is GI
losses.
Hypervolemic Hypernatremia etiology - correct answer-
Uncommon but occurs most commonly from the administration
of hypertonic sodium salts.
Hypervolemic Hypernatremia clinical manifestations - correct
answer-volume overload, hypertension, edema, CHF,
pulmonary edema. In infants, this is due to erroneous
preparation of dietary formula and in outpatient adults the
ingestion of concentrated salt solutions. In hospitalized adults,
the cause is usually iatrogenic, hypertonic IV solutions.
Serum Na level: 125-135 meq/L severity - correct answer-mild
Serum Na level: 125-135 meq/L clinical manifestations - correct
answer-anorexia, apathy, restlessness, nausea, lethargy,
muscle cramps.
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Serum Na level: 120-125 meq/L. Severity - correct answer-
moderate
Serum Na level: 120-125 meq/L. Clinical manifestations -
correct answer-agitation, disorientation, headache
Serum Na level: < 120meq/L severity - correct answer-severe
Serum Na level: < 120meq/L clinical manifestations - correct
answer-seizures, coma, areflexia, incontinence, death
Hypokalemia - correct answer-1.reduced intake of potassium
2.increased entry of K+ into cells
3.increased losses of body K+
Hyperkalemia - correct answer-Increase in ECF K+
concentration > 5.5 meq/L.
D/t efficient renal excretion, excesses of total body K+ are
relatively rare. Acute increases in serum K+ concentration are
NURS 5315: ADV PATHO EXAM 1
ACTUAL QUESTIONS 2026 WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS.
Etiology of Fluid Volume Deficit - correct answer-Dehydration
from vomiting or diarrhea and sweating
Clinical manifestations of Fluid Volume Deficit - correct answer-
Poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, sunken eyes,
sunken fontanels, decreased urine output and fatigue
Etiology of Fluid Volume Excess - correct answer-Intake or
retention of fluid that exceeds fluid needs. Can be caused by
renal failure.
Clinical manifestations of edema - correct answer-skin
tightness, eye puffiness, rales on ausculation
Etiology of edema - correct answer-Increased capillary
hydrostatic pressure caused by thrombophlebitis, hepatic
, Page | 2
obstruction, right heart failure, tight clothing, prolonged
standing, CHF and renal failure, liver disease, protein
malnutrition (from decreased production of plasma proteins),
glomerular disease, trauma, hemorrhage, burns and cirrhosis
Clinical manifestations of edema - correct answer-Generalized
edema (uniform distribution of fluid throughout the body),
dependent edema (fluid accumulation in gravity dependent
areas of body), localized edema (limited to site of injury)
Edema is identified by swelling and puffiness,weight gain,
dehydration from sequestering of fluids.
Euvolemic Hypernatremia etiology - correct answer-Occurs
when the total water loss is equally from all parts of their body
and not just simply from the intravascular space.
Euvolemic Hypernatremia clinical manifestations - correct
answer-diabetes insipidus
Hypovolemic Hypernatremia etilolgy - correct answer-Occurs
as a result of sodium and water loss; however, the water loss is
usually greater than the sodium loss.
, Page | 3
Hypovolemic Hypernatremia clinical manifestations - correct
answer-volume depletion, orthostatic hypotension, hypotension,
tachycardia, lack of organ perfusion. A common cause is GI
losses.
Hypervolemic Hypernatremia etiology - correct answer-
Uncommon but occurs most commonly from the administration
of hypertonic sodium salts.
Hypervolemic Hypernatremia clinical manifestations - correct
answer-volume overload, hypertension, edema, CHF,
pulmonary edema. In infants, this is due to erroneous
preparation of dietary formula and in outpatient adults the
ingestion of concentrated salt solutions. In hospitalized adults,
the cause is usually iatrogenic, hypertonic IV solutions.
Serum Na level: 125-135 meq/L severity - correct answer-mild
Serum Na level: 125-135 meq/L clinical manifestations - correct
answer-anorexia, apathy, restlessness, nausea, lethargy,
muscle cramps.
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Serum Na level: 120-125 meq/L. Severity - correct answer-
moderate
Serum Na level: 120-125 meq/L. Clinical manifestations -
correct answer-agitation, disorientation, headache
Serum Na level: < 120meq/L severity - correct answer-severe
Serum Na level: < 120meq/L clinical manifestations - correct
answer-seizures, coma, areflexia, incontinence, death
Hypokalemia - correct answer-1.reduced intake of potassium
2.increased entry of K+ into cells
3.increased losses of body K+
Hyperkalemia - correct answer-Increase in ECF K+
concentration > 5.5 meq/L.
D/t efficient renal excretion, excesses of total body K+ are
relatively rare. Acute increases in serum K+ concentration are
