EARTH SCI 2GG3 FINAL ACTUAL EXAM
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◍ 26) Risk is a function of four factors: hazard, vulnerability, coping capacity,
andA) poverty B) historyC) population densityD) locationE) exposure.
Answer: E
◍ Rising sea level and the disappearance of islands off the coast of Nova
Scotia can most likely be attributed in toA● more nor'eastersB●
glacio-isostatic subsidenceC● stronger hurricanesD● bigger fetchE● human
activity.
Answer: B
◍ Fast moving currents of air found near the top of the troposphere are called
________..
Answer: jet streams
◍ 13) Which of the following socio-economic factors in a given area tends to
lead to greater loss of life and property damage in the event of a disaster?A)
aging populationB) increase in population densityC) urbanizationD)
diversification of infrastructureE) increase in population density and
increased urbanization.
Answer: E
◍ 7) Avalanche hazard is commonly increasedA) on slopes greater than 60
degrees.B) on tree covered slopes.C) on steep talus covered slopes.D) at
lower elevations.E) on slopes with gullies or ravines..
Answer: E
◍ 38) Which Canadian province has the greatest number of lawsuits related to
landslides?A) British ColumbiaB) AlbertaC) ManitobaD) QuebecE) New
, Brunswick.
Answer: A
◍ 7) Where are earthquakes generally found?A) convergent boundariesB)
divergent boundariesC) transform fault boundariesD) hotspotsE)
Earthquakes are found on all of the above locations.
Answer: E
◍ 42) The term 'creep' is used to describe the flow of rock and/or sediment at
rates of A) several kilometres per year.B) several hundred kilometres per
hour.C) several metres per hour.D) a few millimetres to centimetres per
year.E) several metres per second.
Answer: D
◍ 25) The oldest oceanic crust on the seafloor is approximately no older than
________ years old.A) 4.3 billion B) 200 millionC) 10 millionD) 100
millionE) 1 billion.
Answer: B
◍ If you were in a very cold climate and looking out at an area with many
sinkholes and rough terrain, what would you most likely be looking at?A●
Expansive soilsB● Soil compactionC● Subsidence due to groundwater
pumpingD● Thermokarst.
Answer: D
◍ *Which of the following is not a way in which human activity impacts the
effects of cyclones?a● humans contribute to global warming that may make
hurricanes more intenseb● leveling of sand dunes makes the shorelines
more vulnerable to erosionc● construction of seawalls can reflect wave
action and increase erosiond● urbanization of the coastline puts more people
at risk from hurricane hazardse● exhaust from jet engines can make
thunderstorm intensity increase and become hurricanes.
Answer: e
◍ 22) Basaltic lavasA) are very hot.B) result from melting of the mantle.C) are
rich in iron and magnesium.D) have low viscosity.E) all of the above..
, Answer: E
◍ 29) Four of the worst natural disasters in recent years: hurricane Mitch in
1998, flooding along the Yangtze River (China) in 1998, the 2004 Indian
Ocean tsunami, and hurricane Katrina in 2005 were exacerbated byA) poor
forecasting.B) increasing population.C) poverty.D) poor land use
practices.E) global warming..
Answer: D
◍ 23) Which of the following types of mass movements is the fastest?A)
earthflowB) rockslideC) debris flowD) avalanche.
Answer: D
◍ 3) What is the difference between the inner and outer core of the Earth?A)
The inner core is liquid and the outer core is solid.B) The inner core is made
from magma and the outer core is metal.C) The inner core is solid and the
outer core is liquid.D) The inner core is cool and the outer core is hot..
Answer: C
◍ 1) Why were so many people killed by the 2010 Haitian earthquake?A)
Haiti has never had any previous earthquakes.B) The earthquake hit the
most densely populated area of Haiti and buildings were not constructed to
withstand earthquakes.C) Most of the fatalities were due to a tsunami.D)
Most people died because of landslides.E) Most people died in flooding that
followed the earthquake..
Answer: B
◍ 30) What process causes melting of rocks in subduction zones?A)
decompression of the mantleB) addition of heat from the subducting plateC)
addition of water into the mantle from the subducting slabD) removal of
water from the mantleE) convection of the asthenosphere.
Answer: C
◍ What is the correct order of tropical cyclone development (least to most
developed)?A● hurricane, tropical depression, tropical storm, tropical
disturbanceB● tropical disturbance, tropical depression, tropical storm,
, hurricaneC● hurricane, tropical storm, tropical disturbance, tropical
depressionD● tropical depression, tropical disturbance, tropical storm,
hurricane.
Answer: B
◍ 41) The resisting force of the slope material to failure by sliding or flow
along potential slip planes, is referred to as theA) factor of safety.B) slip
factor. C) shear strength.D) tensile failure point.E) friction strength..
Answer: C
◍ When discussing rivers and longitudinal profiles base level describes:A● a
point where only sedimentation occursB● it is most likely at a high
elevationC● a balance between channel sedimentation and erosionD● it is
always at sea level.
Answer: C
◍ 49) Of the following volcanic eruptions, which is considered to be the
deadliest?A) Vesuvius, Italy - A.D. 79B) Krakatoa, Indonesia - 1883C)
Mount St. Helens, United States - 1980D) Mount Pinatubo, Philippines -
1991E) Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland - 2010.
Answer: B
◍ Which of the following hard stabilizations is built in an effort to protect
boats in the harbor?A● JettiesB● GroinsC● BreakwatersD● Seawalls.
Answer: C
◍ 37) What instruments are used on Mt. Rainier to warn of debris flows and
lahars coming off the mountain?A) rain gaugesB) tiltmetersC) rock
fencesD) global positioning systemsE) acoustic flow monitors.
Answer: e
◍ 1) Which of the following is the correct order of the layers of the Earth from
inside to outside?A) inner core, outer core, crust, mantleB) inner core,
mantle, outer core, crustC) crust, inner core, outer core, mantleD) inner core,
outer core, mantle, crustE) mantle, inner core, crust, outer core.
Answer: D
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◍ 26) Risk is a function of four factors: hazard, vulnerability, coping capacity,
andA) poverty B) historyC) population densityD) locationE) exposure.
Answer: E
◍ Rising sea level and the disappearance of islands off the coast of Nova
Scotia can most likely be attributed in toA● more nor'eastersB●
glacio-isostatic subsidenceC● stronger hurricanesD● bigger fetchE● human
activity.
Answer: B
◍ Fast moving currents of air found near the top of the troposphere are called
________..
Answer: jet streams
◍ 13) Which of the following socio-economic factors in a given area tends to
lead to greater loss of life and property damage in the event of a disaster?A)
aging populationB) increase in population densityC) urbanizationD)
diversification of infrastructureE) increase in population density and
increased urbanization.
Answer: E
◍ 7) Avalanche hazard is commonly increasedA) on slopes greater than 60
degrees.B) on tree covered slopes.C) on steep talus covered slopes.D) at
lower elevations.E) on slopes with gullies or ravines..
Answer: E
◍ 38) Which Canadian province has the greatest number of lawsuits related to
landslides?A) British ColumbiaB) AlbertaC) ManitobaD) QuebecE) New
, Brunswick.
Answer: A
◍ 7) Where are earthquakes generally found?A) convergent boundariesB)
divergent boundariesC) transform fault boundariesD) hotspotsE)
Earthquakes are found on all of the above locations.
Answer: E
◍ 42) The term 'creep' is used to describe the flow of rock and/or sediment at
rates of A) several kilometres per year.B) several hundred kilometres per
hour.C) several metres per hour.D) a few millimetres to centimetres per
year.E) several metres per second.
Answer: D
◍ 25) The oldest oceanic crust on the seafloor is approximately no older than
________ years old.A) 4.3 billion B) 200 millionC) 10 millionD) 100
millionE) 1 billion.
Answer: B
◍ If you were in a very cold climate and looking out at an area with many
sinkholes and rough terrain, what would you most likely be looking at?A●
Expansive soilsB● Soil compactionC● Subsidence due to groundwater
pumpingD● Thermokarst.
Answer: D
◍ *Which of the following is not a way in which human activity impacts the
effects of cyclones?a● humans contribute to global warming that may make
hurricanes more intenseb● leveling of sand dunes makes the shorelines
more vulnerable to erosionc● construction of seawalls can reflect wave
action and increase erosiond● urbanization of the coastline puts more people
at risk from hurricane hazardse● exhaust from jet engines can make
thunderstorm intensity increase and become hurricanes.
Answer: e
◍ 22) Basaltic lavasA) are very hot.B) result from melting of the mantle.C) are
rich in iron and magnesium.D) have low viscosity.E) all of the above..
, Answer: E
◍ 29) Four of the worst natural disasters in recent years: hurricane Mitch in
1998, flooding along the Yangtze River (China) in 1998, the 2004 Indian
Ocean tsunami, and hurricane Katrina in 2005 were exacerbated byA) poor
forecasting.B) increasing population.C) poverty.D) poor land use
practices.E) global warming..
Answer: D
◍ 23) Which of the following types of mass movements is the fastest?A)
earthflowB) rockslideC) debris flowD) avalanche.
Answer: D
◍ 3) What is the difference between the inner and outer core of the Earth?A)
The inner core is liquid and the outer core is solid.B) The inner core is made
from magma and the outer core is metal.C) The inner core is solid and the
outer core is liquid.D) The inner core is cool and the outer core is hot..
Answer: C
◍ 1) Why were so many people killed by the 2010 Haitian earthquake?A)
Haiti has never had any previous earthquakes.B) The earthquake hit the
most densely populated area of Haiti and buildings were not constructed to
withstand earthquakes.C) Most of the fatalities were due to a tsunami.D)
Most people died because of landslides.E) Most people died in flooding that
followed the earthquake..
Answer: B
◍ 30) What process causes melting of rocks in subduction zones?A)
decompression of the mantleB) addition of heat from the subducting plateC)
addition of water into the mantle from the subducting slabD) removal of
water from the mantleE) convection of the asthenosphere.
Answer: C
◍ What is the correct order of tropical cyclone development (least to most
developed)?A● hurricane, tropical depression, tropical storm, tropical
disturbanceB● tropical disturbance, tropical depression, tropical storm,
, hurricaneC● hurricane, tropical storm, tropical disturbance, tropical
depressionD● tropical depression, tropical disturbance, tropical storm,
hurricane.
Answer: B
◍ 41) The resisting force of the slope material to failure by sliding or flow
along potential slip planes, is referred to as theA) factor of safety.B) slip
factor. C) shear strength.D) tensile failure point.E) friction strength..
Answer: C
◍ When discussing rivers and longitudinal profiles base level describes:A● a
point where only sedimentation occursB● it is most likely at a high
elevationC● a balance between channel sedimentation and erosionD● it is
always at sea level.
Answer: C
◍ 49) Of the following volcanic eruptions, which is considered to be the
deadliest?A) Vesuvius, Italy - A.D. 79B) Krakatoa, Indonesia - 1883C)
Mount St. Helens, United States - 1980D) Mount Pinatubo, Philippines -
1991E) Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland - 2010.
Answer: B
◍ Which of the following hard stabilizations is built in an effort to protect
boats in the harbor?A● JettiesB● GroinsC● BreakwatersD● Seawalls.
Answer: C
◍ 37) What instruments are used on Mt. Rainier to warn of debris flows and
lahars coming off the mountain?A) rain gaugesB) tiltmetersC) rock
fencesD) global positioning systemsE) acoustic flow monitors.
Answer: e
◍ 1) Which of the following is the correct order of the layers of the Earth from
inside to outside?A) inner core, outer core, crust, mantleB) inner core,
mantle, outer core, crustC) crust, inner core, outer core, mantleD) inner core,
outer core, mantle, crustE) mantle, inner core, crust, outer core.
Answer: D
