NSE 212 Midterm Exam Ques ons and answers |
Updated RATED A+ 2026
What is the significance of research and evidence-informed prac ce in Nursing
- Nursing research is integral to the achievement of providing quality outcomes in partnership
w/ pa ents, their families/ significant others, and communi es
- Nursing research gives specialized scien fic knowledge and empowers nurses to an cipate/
meet the constantly changing challenges and maintain the profession societal relevance
Explain the rela onship between evidence-based, evidence-informed, research u liza on and
appraisal of research to prac ce
- Nurses support and engage in research and other ac vi es to promote safe, competent,
compassionate, and ethical care and use guidelines for ethical research that are in keeping of
nursing values.
- Therefore, to use research (EIP), you may not be able to conduct it, but understand the steps
of research and appraise it to read it cri cally and also use it to inform your clinical decisions
Role of Nurse to research process
• Consumer: A consumer of research ac vely uses and applies research, as a knowledgeable
consumer, you must have knowledge about the relevant subject ma/er, the ability to
discriminate and to evaluate the informa on logically, and the ability to apply the knowledge
gained
• Generator of clinical ques ons
• Inves gator/par cipant in research
• Protector of research par cipants
Historical Perspec ves Of Nursing Research
Florence Nigh ngale was the first nurse researcher
• Key events of the 19th century
Nursing becomes a formal discipline.
Florence Nigh ngale publishes "Notes on Nursing" in 1860
Schools of nursing are beginning to be established
20th Century
Key events from 1900 to 1940
• Emphasis not on research but on prepara on of nurses for prac ce
,Key events from 1950 to 1960
• The American Nurses Associa on first publishes Nursing Research
• First master's program in nursing in Canada
Key events from 1960 to 1999
• First federally funded grant for nursing research
• 1st Center for Nursing Research McGill
• Doctoral programs Nursing research funding
21st Century History
Key events from 2000 to 2012
• Research Chair Awards are granted to nursing
• PhD programs in nursing are ini ated at numerous universi es across Canada.
Values, beliefs, and nature of knowledge
Each Ques on requires that clinicians and nurse researchers engage in a knowledge
development process that begins with...
o iden fica on of knowledge gaps (the absence of theore cal or scien fic knowledge relevant
to the phenomenon of interest
o Knowledge genera on (the conduct of research that provides answers to well thought out
research ques ons)
o knowledge distribu on (distributed through journal ar cles, textbooks, and public
presenta ons to nurses)
o Knowledge is adopted (as nurse alter their prac ce on the basis of published informa on or as
health care orgs develop policies and protocols that are informed by newly generated
knowledge
o Knowledge review and revision (as new health issues arise, advances in clinical prac ce occur,
or knowledge becomes outdated)
Philosophical assump ons underlying the post-posi vist paradigm
and characteris cs of quan ta ve research
- All research is based on philosophical beliefs about the world; these beliefs are the mo va ng
values, concepts, principles, and the nature of human knowledge of an individual, group, or
culture, and they are the basis of a worldview or paradigm
- Philosophical beliefs of post-posi vist paradigmà Ontology, epistemology, researchers values,
methodology, aim of inquiry, context
What is Nursing Research?
Research is the systema c, rigorous, logical inves ga on with the aim of answering ques ons
about nursing phenomena
,What is Nursing Phenomena?
Phenomena can be defined as occurrences, circumstances, or facts that are percep ble by the
senses.
Nursing Discipline
• Discipline unique body of scien fic knowledge
• Forms the founda on for evidence-informed nursing prac ce
• nursing prac ce - clinical research, outcomes of care
• Allows prac ce to change with work environments and the most common health issues
• Maintains the profession societal relevance
nursing profession - job sa sfac on, educa on, administra on, etc
Evidence-Informed Prac ce
defined as the conscious and judicious use of the current "best" evidence in conjunc on with
clinical exper se and pa ent values to guide health care decisions
focuses on a more inclusive and interac ve process
Example: Also involves acknowledging and considering local ways of knowing, Indigenous
knowledge, cultural and religious norms, and clinical judgement.
• Researchers must consider, for example, how Indigenous peoples' ways of knowing and being
are based on rela onships between mind, body, emo on, and spirit of community members
and the natural world.
Research U liza on (RU)
a subset of evidence-informed prac ce that focuses on the applica on of research findings to
improve pa ent care.
Evidence Based Prac ce
the conscious, explicit, and judicious use of the current best evidence in the care of pa ents and
the delivery of health care services.
Future Direc ons and Trends in Research
• Community based care
• Health promo on, risk reduc on
• Reducing dispari es in health care
• Research on older adults
• Interdisciplinary collabora ve prac ce
• Use of technology
Needs of indigenous peoples
, CNO Professional Standards Related to Research
• Use research to inform prac ce/professional service
• Seek and cri que theore cal and research-based literature in nursing, health services, etc.
• Integrate research findings into professional service and prac ce
• Use research based/informed approaches for applica on to prac ce
CNA Posi on Statement
• "CNA believes that nurses - including clinicians, educators, researchers, administrators and
policy-makers - must collaborate with other health-care stakeholders to facilitate evidence-
informed decision-making and prac ce". (CNA Posi on Statement, 2018, p. 1)
Individual Nurses
• Are posi oned to provide op mal care by having acquired competencies for evidence-
informed nursing prac ce as part of their founda onal educa on
• Read and cri que evidence-informed literature (i.e., research ar cles, reports) in nursing,
health sciences and related disciplines
• Generate researchable ques ons and communicate them to their manager or clinical nurse
leaders or associated researchers
• Par cipate in or conduct research
• Evaluate and promote evidence-informed nursing prac ce
Entry-to-Prac ce Competencies for Registered Nurses 2020
Philosophical Founda ons and Characteris cs of Research
• The Nature of Knowledge
• Philosophical Founda ons
• Paradigms
• Characteris cs of Quan ta ve Research
Theore cal & Empirical Knowledge
Commonly referred to as scien fic knowledge
Theore cal knowing has to do with developing or tes ng theories or ideas
Empirical knowing involves observa ons (e.g delivering interven ons, conduc ng surveys or
ques onnaires) about reality
Philosophical Terms
Ontology
Epistemology
Updated RATED A+ 2026
What is the significance of research and evidence-informed prac ce in Nursing
- Nursing research is integral to the achievement of providing quality outcomes in partnership
w/ pa ents, their families/ significant others, and communi es
- Nursing research gives specialized scien fic knowledge and empowers nurses to an cipate/
meet the constantly changing challenges and maintain the profession societal relevance
Explain the rela onship between evidence-based, evidence-informed, research u liza on and
appraisal of research to prac ce
- Nurses support and engage in research and other ac vi es to promote safe, competent,
compassionate, and ethical care and use guidelines for ethical research that are in keeping of
nursing values.
- Therefore, to use research (EIP), you may not be able to conduct it, but understand the steps
of research and appraise it to read it cri cally and also use it to inform your clinical decisions
Role of Nurse to research process
• Consumer: A consumer of research ac vely uses and applies research, as a knowledgeable
consumer, you must have knowledge about the relevant subject ma/er, the ability to
discriminate and to evaluate the informa on logically, and the ability to apply the knowledge
gained
• Generator of clinical ques ons
• Inves gator/par cipant in research
• Protector of research par cipants
Historical Perspec ves Of Nursing Research
Florence Nigh ngale was the first nurse researcher
• Key events of the 19th century
Nursing becomes a formal discipline.
Florence Nigh ngale publishes "Notes on Nursing" in 1860
Schools of nursing are beginning to be established
20th Century
Key events from 1900 to 1940
• Emphasis not on research but on prepara on of nurses for prac ce
,Key events from 1950 to 1960
• The American Nurses Associa on first publishes Nursing Research
• First master's program in nursing in Canada
Key events from 1960 to 1999
• First federally funded grant for nursing research
• 1st Center for Nursing Research McGill
• Doctoral programs Nursing research funding
21st Century History
Key events from 2000 to 2012
• Research Chair Awards are granted to nursing
• PhD programs in nursing are ini ated at numerous universi es across Canada.
Values, beliefs, and nature of knowledge
Each Ques on requires that clinicians and nurse researchers engage in a knowledge
development process that begins with...
o iden fica on of knowledge gaps (the absence of theore cal or scien fic knowledge relevant
to the phenomenon of interest
o Knowledge genera on (the conduct of research that provides answers to well thought out
research ques ons)
o knowledge distribu on (distributed through journal ar cles, textbooks, and public
presenta ons to nurses)
o Knowledge is adopted (as nurse alter their prac ce on the basis of published informa on or as
health care orgs develop policies and protocols that are informed by newly generated
knowledge
o Knowledge review and revision (as new health issues arise, advances in clinical prac ce occur,
or knowledge becomes outdated)
Philosophical assump ons underlying the post-posi vist paradigm
and characteris cs of quan ta ve research
- All research is based on philosophical beliefs about the world; these beliefs are the mo va ng
values, concepts, principles, and the nature of human knowledge of an individual, group, or
culture, and they are the basis of a worldview or paradigm
- Philosophical beliefs of post-posi vist paradigmà Ontology, epistemology, researchers values,
methodology, aim of inquiry, context
What is Nursing Research?
Research is the systema c, rigorous, logical inves ga on with the aim of answering ques ons
about nursing phenomena
,What is Nursing Phenomena?
Phenomena can be defined as occurrences, circumstances, or facts that are percep ble by the
senses.
Nursing Discipline
• Discipline unique body of scien fic knowledge
• Forms the founda on for evidence-informed nursing prac ce
• nursing prac ce - clinical research, outcomes of care
• Allows prac ce to change with work environments and the most common health issues
• Maintains the profession societal relevance
nursing profession - job sa sfac on, educa on, administra on, etc
Evidence-Informed Prac ce
defined as the conscious and judicious use of the current "best" evidence in conjunc on with
clinical exper se and pa ent values to guide health care decisions
focuses on a more inclusive and interac ve process
Example: Also involves acknowledging and considering local ways of knowing, Indigenous
knowledge, cultural and religious norms, and clinical judgement.
• Researchers must consider, for example, how Indigenous peoples' ways of knowing and being
are based on rela onships between mind, body, emo on, and spirit of community members
and the natural world.
Research U liza on (RU)
a subset of evidence-informed prac ce that focuses on the applica on of research findings to
improve pa ent care.
Evidence Based Prac ce
the conscious, explicit, and judicious use of the current best evidence in the care of pa ents and
the delivery of health care services.
Future Direc ons and Trends in Research
• Community based care
• Health promo on, risk reduc on
• Reducing dispari es in health care
• Research on older adults
• Interdisciplinary collabora ve prac ce
• Use of technology
Needs of indigenous peoples
, CNO Professional Standards Related to Research
• Use research to inform prac ce/professional service
• Seek and cri que theore cal and research-based literature in nursing, health services, etc.
• Integrate research findings into professional service and prac ce
• Use research based/informed approaches for applica on to prac ce
CNA Posi on Statement
• "CNA believes that nurses - including clinicians, educators, researchers, administrators and
policy-makers - must collaborate with other health-care stakeholders to facilitate evidence-
informed decision-making and prac ce". (CNA Posi on Statement, 2018, p. 1)
Individual Nurses
• Are posi oned to provide op mal care by having acquired competencies for evidence-
informed nursing prac ce as part of their founda onal educa on
• Read and cri que evidence-informed literature (i.e., research ar cles, reports) in nursing,
health sciences and related disciplines
• Generate researchable ques ons and communicate them to their manager or clinical nurse
leaders or associated researchers
• Par cipate in or conduct research
• Evaluate and promote evidence-informed nursing prac ce
Entry-to-Prac ce Competencies for Registered Nurses 2020
Philosophical Founda ons and Characteris cs of Research
• The Nature of Knowledge
• Philosophical Founda ons
• Paradigms
• Characteris cs of Quan ta ve Research
Theore cal & Empirical Knowledge
Commonly referred to as scien fic knowledge
Theore cal knowing has to do with developing or tes ng theories or ideas
Empirical knowing involves observa ons (e.g delivering interven ons, conduc ng surveys or
ques onnaires) about reality
Philosophical Terms
Ontology
Epistemology
