BIOLOGY 212 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
highest - Answers - In animal cells water moves to where the solute concentration is
__________.
Homeostasis - Answers - The maintenance of body conditions within a narrow range.
Saper Paper - Answers - Hypothesis: "In the Conti et al. experiments, the hypothermic
transgenic mice showed no change in food intake or physical activity, but their body
weight did increase, presumably due to a lower basal metabolic rate."
The activity of the Orexin::UCP engineered mice was = the activity of wild type mice, as
measured by locomotor counts.
Engineered mice did not differ from wild type in calorie intake or activity level. All mice
were raised at 25°c, given the same amount of food, and raised in the same cage types.
the net of the combined influences of charge and
concentration are pushing the ion into the cell. - Answers - Because the cation is
entering the cell it MUST be true that...
substrate; enzyme - Answers - An increase in _________ allows a(n) __________ to
work faster because it can find and bind to it faster.
Km - Answers - The amount of substrate needed for an enzyme to run at ½ Vmax. A
measure of the affinity of an enzyme for substrate (low __________ represents high
affinity).
Vmax - Answers - A measure of enzyme activity (product made/unit time).
endotherms - Answers - Temperature regulators that use metabolic processes and
behavior to regulate body temps are called __________.
Ectotherms - Answers - Temperature conformers that use behavior to control body
temperature, but not metabolic processes.
10x - Answers - Endotherms have a basal metabolic rate that is about _________ as
high as a similarly-sized ectotherm. They can do about __________ the amount of
sustained work as well.
Thermoneutral Range - Answers - These are the values of the X-axis for the horizontal
part of the curve. The temperature range at which the animal can maintain body
temperature without added energy costs.
Aerobic Scope - Answers - The ratio of Metabolic rate between the basal and maximum
sustainable metabolic rates. As a rule of thumb, the maximum MR is 10x the basal MR.
This makes sense because both the cost of maintaining basal metabolism and the
, potential output of metabolism are dictated by the amount of mitochondrial machinery in
the cells of the animal.
ATP; PFK; AMP - Answers - The __________ feedback that slows down glycolysis,
which slows down ATP production, so that ATP levels fall. It is a negative feedback loop
because when ATP levels fall ATP no longer inhibits __________. The __________
feedback loop that speeds glycolysis when ATP levels are low.
ATP; PFK; AMP; PFK; AMP; AMP - Answers - If __________ is abundant, it directly
interacts with and reduces the rate of the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis, which is
called __________. ! In contrast, when __________ is abundant it speeds __________
up. __________ is abundant when much of the ATP has been used up - high
__________ is a sign of too little ATP.
uncoupler protein (UPC) - Answers - The __________ allows metabolism to increase
without an increase in ATP manufacture. ___________ activity increases PFK activity.
Metabolic Thermogenisis - Answers - A mechanism that allows a cell to burn fuel for
heat without adding to ATP production. It avoids the ATP concentration negative
feedback mechanism (non-shivering thermogenesis).
NADH - Answers - What energy source concentrates protons?
Brown Fat - Answers - A tissue or perhaps diffuse organ system that is very rich in
mitochondria, which are themselves rich in uncoupler proteins. Environment and
genetics dictate how much of it we carry, and that the more we carry, the greater
advantage in terms of several health-related metabolic indices.
Non-Competitive Inhibition - Answers - Regulation that reduces the Vmax of an enzyme,
but does not change the Km.
Direct Competitive Inhibition - Answers - When molecules similar to the substrate enter
the active site and keep it busy, preventing the substrate or substrates from entering.
Allosteric Regulation - Answers - Regulation that occurs via interactions at sites other
than the active site. Essentially some other part of enzyme is bound, which changes the
enzyme shape, reducing or increasing its rate of function (competitive kinetics).
When ATP acts as an allosteric inhibitor. - Answers - How is a decrease in PFK activity
accomplished?
2/3 - Answers - Surface Area increases in proportion to Mass^___________.
surface area / volume (SA/V) - Answers - The smaller the cell, the bigger the
___________.
highest - Answers - In animal cells water moves to where the solute concentration is
__________.
Homeostasis - Answers - The maintenance of body conditions within a narrow range.
Saper Paper - Answers - Hypothesis: "In the Conti et al. experiments, the hypothermic
transgenic mice showed no change in food intake or physical activity, but their body
weight did increase, presumably due to a lower basal metabolic rate."
The activity of the Orexin::UCP engineered mice was = the activity of wild type mice, as
measured by locomotor counts.
Engineered mice did not differ from wild type in calorie intake or activity level. All mice
were raised at 25°c, given the same amount of food, and raised in the same cage types.
the net of the combined influences of charge and
concentration are pushing the ion into the cell. - Answers - Because the cation is
entering the cell it MUST be true that...
substrate; enzyme - Answers - An increase in _________ allows a(n) __________ to
work faster because it can find and bind to it faster.
Km - Answers - The amount of substrate needed for an enzyme to run at ½ Vmax. A
measure of the affinity of an enzyme for substrate (low __________ represents high
affinity).
Vmax - Answers - A measure of enzyme activity (product made/unit time).
endotherms - Answers - Temperature regulators that use metabolic processes and
behavior to regulate body temps are called __________.
Ectotherms - Answers - Temperature conformers that use behavior to control body
temperature, but not metabolic processes.
10x - Answers - Endotherms have a basal metabolic rate that is about _________ as
high as a similarly-sized ectotherm. They can do about __________ the amount of
sustained work as well.
Thermoneutral Range - Answers - These are the values of the X-axis for the horizontal
part of the curve. The temperature range at which the animal can maintain body
temperature without added energy costs.
Aerobic Scope - Answers - The ratio of Metabolic rate between the basal and maximum
sustainable metabolic rates. As a rule of thumb, the maximum MR is 10x the basal MR.
This makes sense because both the cost of maintaining basal metabolism and the
, potential output of metabolism are dictated by the amount of mitochondrial machinery in
the cells of the animal.
ATP; PFK; AMP - Answers - The __________ feedback that slows down glycolysis,
which slows down ATP production, so that ATP levels fall. It is a negative feedback loop
because when ATP levels fall ATP no longer inhibits __________. The __________
feedback loop that speeds glycolysis when ATP levels are low.
ATP; PFK; AMP; PFK; AMP; AMP - Answers - If __________ is abundant, it directly
interacts with and reduces the rate of the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis, which is
called __________. ! In contrast, when __________ is abundant it speeds __________
up. __________ is abundant when much of the ATP has been used up - high
__________ is a sign of too little ATP.
uncoupler protein (UPC) - Answers - The __________ allows metabolism to increase
without an increase in ATP manufacture. ___________ activity increases PFK activity.
Metabolic Thermogenisis - Answers - A mechanism that allows a cell to burn fuel for
heat without adding to ATP production. It avoids the ATP concentration negative
feedback mechanism (non-shivering thermogenesis).
NADH - Answers - What energy source concentrates protons?
Brown Fat - Answers - A tissue or perhaps diffuse organ system that is very rich in
mitochondria, which are themselves rich in uncoupler proteins. Environment and
genetics dictate how much of it we carry, and that the more we carry, the greater
advantage in terms of several health-related metabolic indices.
Non-Competitive Inhibition - Answers - Regulation that reduces the Vmax of an enzyme,
but does not change the Km.
Direct Competitive Inhibition - Answers - When molecules similar to the substrate enter
the active site and keep it busy, preventing the substrate or substrates from entering.
Allosteric Regulation - Answers - Regulation that occurs via interactions at sites other
than the active site. Essentially some other part of enzyme is bound, which changes the
enzyme shape, reducing or increasing its rate of function (competitive kinetics).
When ATP acts as an allosteric inhibitor. - Answers - How is a decrease in PFK activity
accomplished?
2/3 - Answers - Surface Area increases in proportion to Mass^___________.
surface area / volume (SA/V) - Answers - The smaller the cell, the bigger the
___________.
