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CMN 552 – Comprehensive Final Exam | Questions and
Answers | 2026 Update | 100% Correct – USA
SECTION 1: FOUNDATIONAL CONCEPTS IN IDENTITY AND CULTURE
Question 1:
What is sexual identity?
Correct Answer-: : How a person thinks of oneself with regard to romantic and sexual
orientation and behavior.
Rationale: Sexual identity is a self-defined concept that encompasses one's sense of self in
relation to romantic and sexual attraction, separate from sexual behavior .
Question 2:
What is gender identity?
Correct Answer-: : An internalized sense of self as being male, female, or elsewhere along or
outside the gender continuum; some persons have complex identities and may identify as
agender, gender binary, etc.
Rationale: Gender identity is distinct from biological sex and represents an individual's internal
sense of their own gender, which may not align with sex assigned at birth .
Question 3:
How is sexual orientation defined?
Correct Answer-: : A term describing an enduring physical and emotional attraction to another
group; it is defined by the individual.
Rationale: Sexual orientation is self-determined and can encompass attraction to the same
gender, different gender, or multiple genders .
Question 4:
What is gender dysphoria?
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Correct Answer-: : The distress or impairment resulting from incongruence between one's
experienced or expressed gender and the sex assigned at birth.
Rationale: Gender dysphoria is a clinical diagnosis that reflects the significant distress that can
occur when there is a mismatch between gender identity and assigned sex .
Question 5:
Define culture according to the DSM-5 Cultural Formation Interview (CFI).
Correct Answer-: : Culture refers to the processes through which individuals assign meaning to
experience, drawing from the values, orientations, knowledge, and practices of the diverse
social groups and communities in which they participate .
Rationale: Culture is dynamic and shapes how individuals interpret symptoms, illness, and
healthcare experiences. It includes aspects of individuals' background, developmental
experiences, and current social contexts .
Question 6:
What is ethnicity?
Correct Answer-: : A culturally constructed group identity used to define peoples and
communities, rooted in common history, ancestry, geography, language, religion, or other
shared characteristics.
Rationale: Ethnicity may be self-assigned or attributed by outsiders. Increasing mobility and
intermarriage have led to new mixed or hybrid ethnic identities .
Question 7:
What is acculturation?
Correct Answer-: : The process of psychological and cultural adaptation that occurs when
individuals from one cultural group come into continuous contact with another cultural group.
Rationale: Acculturation involves changes in identity, values, and behaviors, and can result in
integration, assimilation, separation, or marginalization .
Question 8:
What are the four primary acculturation strategies?
Correct Answer-: :
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1. Integration: Maintaining one's culture of origin while adopting aspects of the new
culture
2. Assimilation: Giving up one's culture of origin in favor of the new culture
3. Separation: Maintaining one's culture of origin while rejecting the new culture
4. Marginalization: Losing connection to both one's culture of origin and the new culture
Rationale: These strategies reflect different ways individuals navigate between their heritage
culture and the dominant culture .
Question 9:
What is bicultural identity?
Correct Answer-: : A sense of self defined by belonging simultaneously to two distinctly
different cultural groups, such as Italian-American, Mexican-American, or Arab-American.
Rationale: Psychological integration of two cultural traditions involves continuous inner
struggle to balance inherently conflicting components of identity .
Question 10:
What is stereotyping?
Correct Answer-: : The tendency to apply fixed, often oversimplified, characteristics to all
members of a cultural group without acknowledging individual variation.
Rationale: Stereotyping can lead to biased clinical assessments and should be avoided in favor
of individualized, culturally informed care .
SECTION 2: MOOD DISORDERS – BIPOLAR SPECTRUM
Question 11:
What is the DIGFAST mnemonic used to assess?
Correct Answer-: : Manic episode symptoms:
• Distractibility
• Indiscretion (poor judgment)
• Grandiosity
• Flight of ideas
, 4
• Activity increase
• Sleep deficit
• Talkativeness
Rationale: DIGFAST helps clinicians remember the key symptoms of mania or hypomania
required for bipolar disorder diagnosis .
Question 12:
What are the diagnostic criteria for a manic episode?
Correct Answer-: :
A. A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and
abnormally and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy, lasting at least 1 week
and present most of the day, nearly every day (or any duration if hospitalization is necessary).
B. Three or more of the following (four if mood is only irritable):
1. Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
2. Decreased need for sleep
3. More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking
4. Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing
5. Distractibility
6. Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
7. Excessive involvement in activities with high potential for painful consequences
C. Marked functional impairment, hospitalization, or psychosis
D. Not attributable to a substance or medical condition
Rationale: One lifetime manic episode is required for bipolar I disorder diagnosis .
Question 13:
What is the key difference between bipolar I and bipolar II disorder?
Correct Answer-: : Bipolar I disorder requires at least one manic episode. Bipolar II disorder
requires at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode, with no history of a
manic episode .
CMN 552 – Comprehensive Final Exam | Questions and
Answers | 2026 Update | 100% Correct – USA
SECTION 1: FOUNDATIONAL CONCEPTS IN IDENTITY AND CULTURE
Question 1:
What is sexual identity?
Correct Answer-: : How a person thinks of oneself with regard to romantic and sexual
orientation and behavior.
Rationale: Sexual identity is a self-defined concept that encompasses one's sense of self in
relation to romantic and sexual attraction, separate from sexual behavior .
Question 2:
What is gender identity?
Correct Answer-: : An internalized sense of self as being male, female, or elsewhere along or
outside the gender continuum; some persons have complex identities and may identify as
agender, gender binary, etc.
Rationale: Gender identity is distinct from biological sex and represents an individual's internal
sense of their own gender, which may not align with sex assigned at birth .
Question 3:
How is sexual orientation defined?
Correct Answer-: : A term describing an enduring physical and emotional attraction to another
group; it is defined by the individual.
Rationale: Sexual orientation is self-determined and can encompass attraction to the same
gender, different gender, or multiple genders .
Question 4:
What is gender dysphoria?
,2
Correct Answer-: : The distress or impairment resulting from incongruence between one's
experienced or expressed gender and the sex assigned at birth.
Rationale: Gender dysphoria is a clinical diagnosis that reflects the significant distress that can
occur when there is a mismatch between gender identity and assigned sex .
Question 5:
Define culture according to the DSM-5 Cultural Formation Interview (CFI).
Correct Answer-: : Culture refers to the processes through which individuals assign meaning to
experience, drawing from the values, orientations, knowledge, and practices of the diverse
social groups and communities in which they participate .
Rationale: Culture is dynamic and shapes how individuals interpret symptoms, illness, and
healthcare experiences. It includes aspects of individuals' background, developmental
experiences, and current social contexts .
Question 6:
What is ethnicity?
Correct Answer-: : A culturally constructed group identity used to define peoples and
communities, rooted in common history, ancestry, geography, language, religion, or other
shared characteristics.
Rationale: Ethnicity may be self-assigned or attributed by outsiders. Increasing mobility and
intermarriage have led to new mixed or hybrid ethnic identities .
Question 7:
What is acculturation?
Correct Answer-: : The process of psychological and cultural adaptation that occurs when
individuals from one cultural group come into continuous contact with another cultural group.
Rationale: Acculturation involves changes in identity, values, and behaviors, and can result in
integration, assimilation, separation, or marginalization .
Question 8:
What are the four primary acculturation strategies?
Correct Answer-: :
,3
1. Integration: Maintaining one's culture of origin while adopting aspects of the new
culture
2. Assimilation: Giving up one's culture of origin in favor of the new culture
3. Separation: Maintaining one's culture of origin while rejecting the new culture
4. Marginalization: Losing connection to both one's culture of origin and the new culture
Rationale: These strategies reflect different ways individuals navigate between their heritage
culture and the dominant culture .
Question 9:
What is bicultural identity?
Correct Answer-: : A sense of self defined by belonging simultaneously to two distinctly
different cultural groups, such as Italian-American, Mexican-American, or Arab-American.
Rationale: Psychological integration of two cultural traditions involves continuous inner
struggle to balance inherently conflicting components of identity .
Question 10:
What is stereotyping?
Correct Answer-: : The tendency to apply fixed, often oversimplified, characteristics to all
members of a cultural group without acknowledging individual variation.
Rationale: Stereotyping can lead to biased clinical assessments and should be avoided in favor
of individualized, culturally informed care .
SECTION 2: MOOD DISORDERS – BIPOLAR SPECTRUM
Question 11:
What is the DIGFAST mnemonic used to assess?
Correct Answer-: : Manic episode symptoms:
• Distractibility
• Indiscretion (poor judgment)
• Grandiosity
• Flight of ideas
, 4
• Activity increase
• Sleep deficit
• Talkativeness
Rationale: DIGFAST helps clinicians remember the key symptoms of mania or hypomania
required for bipolar disorder diagnosis .
Question 12:
What are the diagnostic criteria for a manic episode?
Correct Answer-: :
A. A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and
abnormally and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy, lasting at least 1 week
and present most of the day, nearly every day (or any duration if hospitalization is necessary).
B. Three or more of the following (four if mood is only irritable):
1. Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
2. Decreased need for sleep
3. More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking
4. Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing
5. Distractibility
6. Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
7. Excessive involvement in activities with high potential for painful consequences
C. Marked functional impairment, hospitalization, or psychosis
D. Not attributable to a substance or medical condition
Rationale: One lifetime manic episode is required for bipolar I disorder diagnosis .
Question 13:
What is the key difference between bipolar I and bipolar II disorder?
Correct Answer-: : Bipolar I disorder requires at least one manic episode. Bipolar II disorder
requires at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode, with no history of a
manic episode .
