NSG 3280 - Exam 3 (Neuro) QUESTIONS WITH WELL
VERIFIED ANSWERS
What happens to nerve tissue during ischemia? - answer☑️✔️...Nerve tissue struggles with
anaerobic metabolism and is very sensitive to decreased oxygen.
What is ischemia? - answer☑️✔️...Cell death.
What is hypoxia? - answer☑️✔️...Decreased oxygen leading to mitochondrial failure and cell
damage.
What is the main CNS neurotransmitter? - answer☑️✔️...Glutamate.
What effect does ischemia have on glutamate? - answer☑️✔️...Ischemia increases glutamate
release.
What are the effects of too much glutamate? - answer☑️✔️...Increased calcium and water
enter the cell, causing calcium overload and cytotoxic edema.
What does excessive glutamate production lead to? - answer☑️✔️...Increased production of
nitrous oxide, free radical formation, and cell death.
What is the normal range for intracranial pressure (ICP)? - answer☑️✔️...0-15 mmHg
At what ICP level does brain impairment occur? - answer☑️✔️...> 22 mmHg for > 5 minutes
What are the three main components of the cranial cavity according to the Monroe-Kellie
doctrine? - answer☑️✔️...Brain, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), Blood
,What is intracranial compliance? - answer☑️✔️...The ability of the cranial components to
adjust to changes in volume to minimize impact on ICP.
Name an everyday activity that can cause slight changes in ICP. - answer☑️✔️...Sneeze, cough,
bending, laugh
What is interstitial edema? - answer☑️✔️...Swelling caused by fluid, electrolytes, and proteins
forced into the intercellular space due to vessel damage or increased pressure.
What causes intracellular edema? - answer☑️✔️...Global ischemia leading to cellular energy
failure and Na+ accumulation, attracting water into the cell.
What is the most sensitive clinical manifestation of increased ICP? - answer☑️✔️...Change in
level of consciousness (LOC), often increased drowsiness.
What are common symptoms of increased ICP? - answer☑️✔️...Headache, nausea/vomiting,
blurred vision, slow pupillary response.
What is Cushing's Triad? - answer☑️✔️...A late sign of increased ICP characterized by ↑BP,
↓HR, and respiratory changes.
What does a decrease in the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score indicate? - answer☑️✔️...A
potential decrease in consciousness or brain function.
What is the maximum score for eye opening on the Glasgow Coma Scale? - answer☑️✔️...4 for
spontaneous eye opening.
,What is the maximum score for verbal response on the Glasgow Coma Scale? -
answer☑️✔️...5 for oriented verbal response.
What is the maximum score for motor response on the Glasgow Coma Scale? -
answer☑️✔️...6 for following commands.
What does decreased pupil response indicate? - answer☑️✔️...Increased intracranial pressure
(ICP).
What is the normal response in the Doll's Eyes Test? - answer☑️✔️...Eyes move in the opposite
direction of head movement.
What does an absent response in the Cold Calorics test indicate? - answer☑️✔️...No eye
movement, suggesting potential brain dysfunction.
What is the normal response of the corneal reflex? - answer☑️✔️...Blinking when a cotton
swab touches the cornea.
What does fixed and dilated pupils indicate? - answer☑️✔️...Poor brain perfusion.
What does small (pinpoint) pupils suggest? - answer☑️✔️...Possible pons issue or drug effects.
Focal (Coup) - answer☑️✔️...Injury localized to the site of impact
Polar (Coup-countercoup) - answer☑️✔️...Injury at site of impact and on opposite side of the
brain (due to brain's forward-backward movement within the skull)
, Diffuse - answer☑️✔️...Widespread damage of the brain
Multiple movements of brain within the skull - answer☑️✔️...Results in shifting and rotational
forces causes stretching and shearing of white matter
Primary vs secondary injury - answer☑️✔️...Primary - original injury; Secondary -
complications that form due to the bodies response to the primary injury
Examples of secondary injury - answer☑️✔️...Cerebral edema, vessel rebleed or spasm, CSF
blockage, seizures
Epidural Hematoma - answer☑️✔️...Location: between inner skull and dura mater
Subdural Hematoma - answer☑️✔️...Location: between dura and outer arachnoid membrane
Subarachnoid hemorrhage - answer☑️✔️...Location: Between outer arachnoid membrane and
pia mater
Thrombotic Stroke - answer☑️✔️...Clot forms at the site of atherosclerotic plaque.
Embolic Stroke - answer☑️✔️...Clot or plaque travels to the brain.
Irreversible Damage - answer☑️✔️...Begins after just several minutes.
Symptoms Onset - answer☑️✔️...Start to show after about 1 minute.
VERIFIED ANSWERS
What happens to nerve tissue during ischemia? - answer☑️✔️...Nerve tissue struggles with
anaerobic metabolism and is very sensitive to decreased oxygen.
What is ischemia? - answer☑️✔️...Cell death.
What is hypoxia? - answer☑️✔️...Decreased oxygen leading to mitochondrial failure and cell
damage.
What is the main CNS neurotransmitter? - answer☑️✔️...Glutamate.
What effect does ischemia have on glutamate? - answer☑️✔️...Ischemia increases glutamate
release.
What are the effects of too much glutamate? - answer☑️✔️...Increased calcium and water
enter the cell, causing calcium overload and cytotoxic edema.
What does excessive glutamate production lead to? - answer☑️✔️...Increased production of
nitrous oxide, free radical formation, and cell death.
What is the normal range for intracranial pressure (ICP)? - answer☑️✔️...0-15 mmHg
At what ICP level does brain impairment occur? - answer☑️✔️...> 22 mmHg for > 5 minutes
What are the three main components of the cranial cavity according to the Monroe-Kellie
doctrine? - answer☑️✔️...Brain, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), Blood
,What is intracranial compliance? - answer☑️✔️...The ability of the cranial components to
adjust to changes in volume to minimize impact on ICP.
Name an everyday activity that can cause slight changes in ICP. - answer☑️✔️...Sneeze, cough,
bending, laugh
What is interstitial edema? - answer☑️✔️...Swelling caused by fluid, electrolytes, and proteins
forced into the intercellular space due to vessel damage or increased pressure.
What causes intracellular edema? - answer☑️✔️...Global ischemia leading to cellular energy
failure and Na+ accumulation, attracting water into the cell.
What is the most sensitive clinical manifestation of increased ICP? - answer☑️✔️...Change in
level of consciousness (LOC), often increased drowsiness.
What are common symptoms of increased ICP? - answer☑️✔️...Headache, nausea/vomiting,
blurred vision, slow pupillary response.
What is Cushing's Triad? - answer☑️✔️...A late sign of increased ICP characterized by ↑BP,
↓HR, and respiratory changes.
What does a decrease in the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score indicate? - answer☑️✔️...A
potential decrease in consciousness or brain function.
What is the maximum score for eye opening on the Glasgow Coma Scale? - answer☑️✔️...4 for
spontaneous eye opening.
,What is the maximum score for verbal response on the Glasgow Coma Scale? -
answer☑️✔️...5 for oriented verbal response.
What is the maximum score for motor response on the Glasgow Coma Scale? -
answer☑️✔️...6 for following commands.
What does decreased pupil response indicate? - answer☑️✔️...Increased intracranial pressure
(ICP).
What is the normal response in the Doll's Eyes Test? - answer☑️✔️...Eyes move in the opposite
direction of head movement.
What does an absent response in the Cold Calorics test indicate? - answer☑️✔️...No eye
movement, suggesting potential brain dysfunction.
What is the normal response of the corneal reflex? - answer☑️✔️...Blinking when a cotton
swab touches the cornea.
What does fixed and dilated pupils indicate? - answer☑️✔️...Poor brain perfusion.
What does small (pinpoint) pupils suggest? - answer☑️✔️...Possible pons issue or drug effects.
Focal (Coup) - answer☑️✔️...Injury localized to the site of impact
Polar (Coup-countercoup) - answer☑️✔️...Injury at site of impact and on opposite side of the
brain (due to brain's forward-backward movement within the skull)
, Diffuse - answer☑️✔️...Widespread damage of the brain
Multiple movements of brain within the skull - answer☑️✔️...Results in shifting and rotational
forces causes stretching and shearing of white matter
Primary vs secondary injury - answer☑️✔️...Primary - original injury; Secondary -
complications that form due to the bodies response to the primary injury
Examples of secondary injury - answer☑️✔️...Cerebral edema, vessel rebleed or spasm, CSF
blockage, seizures
Epidural Hematoma - answer☑️✔️...Location: between inner skull and dura mater
Subdural Hematoma - answer☑️✔️...Location: between dura and outer arachnoid membrane
Subarachnoid hemorrhage - answer☑️✔️...Location: Between outer arachnoid membrane and
pia mater
Thrombotic Stroke - answer☑️✔️...Clot forms at the site of atherosclerotic plaque.
Embolic Stroke - answer☑️✔️...Clot or plaque travels to the brain.
Irreversible Damage - answer☑️✔️...Begins after just several minutes.
Symptoms Onset - answer☑️✔️...Start to show after about 1 minute.
