BIOS242 FINAL PAPER 2026 ACCURATE
ANSWER SET
◉Cell Wall. Answer: A semi-rigid structure surrounding the cell that
provides structure and cellular shape.
◉Cell membrane. Answer: This structure is composed of a lipid
bilayer embedded with proteins. Selective permeability allows water
and small uncharged molecules to diffuse freely. Special carrier
mechanisms exist for the passage of most molecules, energy
reactions, nutrient processing, and discharge of wastes.
◉Gram-positive bacteria. Answer: The bacteria have a thick
peptidoglycan layer, an inner cell membrane, and special lipids,
teichoic acid, and lipoteichoic acid, in their cell walls. These cells
appear purple after the Gram staining procedure.
◉Gram-negative bacteria. Answer: The bacteria have an outer cell
membrane with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a thin peptidoglycan layer,
a periplasmic space, and an inner cell membrane. The LPS
component of their cell envelope forms endotoxin. These cells
appear pink following Gram staining.
, ◉Cytoplasm. Answer: A water-based solution that fills cells.
◉Cytoskeleton. Answer: Long fibers of proteins that encircle the cell
just beneath the cytoplasmic membrane and help shape the cell.
◉Inclusion granules. Answer: Storage sites for nutrients during
periods of abundance. Examples of nutrients include glycogen, fat,
and phosphate.
◉Ribosomes. Answer: Structures composed of RNA and protein that
are the site of protein synthesis.
◉Nucleoid. Answer: A dense area of the cytoplasm where bacterial
chromosomes are aggregated.
◉Endospores. Answer: Structures that protect genetic material
during harsh conditions. Composed of calcium and dipicolinic acid.
Resistant to heating, drying, freezing, chemicals, and even different
types of radiation.
◉Plasmids. Answer: Separate, nonessential, double-stranded circles
of DNA. These are in addition to the essential chromosomes.
ANSWER SET
◉Cell Wall. Answer: A semi-rigid structure surrounding the cell that
provides structure and cellular shape.
◉Cell membrane. Answer: This structure is composed of a lipid
bilayer embedded with proteins. Selective permeability allows water
and small uncharged molecules to diffuse freely. Special carrier
mechanisms exist for the passage of most molecules, energy
reactions, nutrient processing, and discharge of wastes.
◉Gram-positive bacteria. Answer: The bacteria have a thick
peptidoglycan layer, an inner cell membrane, and special lipids,
teichoic acid, and lipoteichoic acid, in their cell walls. These cells
appear purple after the Gram staining procedure.
◉Gram-negative bacteria. Answer: The bacteria have an outer cell
membrane with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a thin peptidoglycan layer,
a periplasmic space, and an inner cell membrane. The LPS
component of their cell envelope forms endotoxin. These cells
appear pink following Gram staining.
, ◉Cytoplasm. Answer: A water-based solution that fills cells.
◉Cytoskeleton. Answer: Long fibers of proteins that encircle the cell
just beneath the cytoplasmic membrane and help shape the cell.
◉Inclusion granules. Answer: Storage sites for nutrients during
periods of abundance. Examples of nutrients include glycogen, fat,
and phosphate.
◉Ribosomes. Answer: Structures composed of RNA and protein that
are the site of protein synthesis.
◉Nucleoid. Answer: A dense area of the cytoplasm where bacterial
chromosomes are aggregated.
◉Endospores. Answer: Structures that protect genetic material
during harsh conditions. Composed of calcium and dipicolinic acid.
Resistant to heating, drying, freezing, chemicals, and even different
types of radiation.
◉Plasmids. Answer: Separate, nonessential, double-stranded circles
of DNA. These are in addition to the essential chromosomes.
