H & H NARM STUDY FLASHCARDS
What are the risks of cesarean section? - answer Life-threatening sepsis, perforation of
adjacent organs, scarring of the uterine lining that can lead to abnormal placental
implantation and hemorrhage with subsequent childbearing, and development of
adhesions between the uterus and other organs that can cause problems later
Painless bleeding with intercourse is the prime symptom of _______ - answer Fibroids.
These tend to grow during pregnancy and are
benign.If they are internal they can cause reduced intrauterine space, disrupted
placental implantation and postpartum hemorrhage
What are some urgent warning signs of preeclampsia? - answer Persistent headaches
in combination with visual
disturbances or epigastric (upper abdominal) pain - especially on the right side.
What problems might a woman who has had a cone biopsy encounter? -
answerScarring from cone biopsy may retard
cervical dilation.
What precautions might a midwife want to take with her patient who has a history of
LEEP procedure? - answerBecause LEEP has been linked to incompetent cervix
and premature labor, some midwives feel that they should check their patient for
cervical changes throughout pregnancy and that the patient should be carefully
instructed regarding signs of premature labor.
What time period does assessment become especially important in the pregnant
woman? - answerDuring the last six weeks of pregnancy.At this point the midwife can
identify certain factors regarding the baby's position, growth rate and size and relate
them to the mother's condition.
What components should a midwife include in prenatal care? - answerKnowledge of
nutrition, exercise, non allopathic
healing options of herbology or homeopathy and mind and body integration techniques
like yoga and meditation.
What conditions/diseases contraindicate home birth? - answerPreexisting diabetes or
hypertension, thyroid disease
(hyperthyroidism), chronic lung disease, severe asthma, epilepsy, clotting disorders,
congenital heart disease (grades 2-4) and kidney disease
Which conditions arising in pregnancy
contraindicate home birth? - answerRh- with antibodies, severe anemia unresponsive
,to treatment, cancer and acute viral infections such as rubella, cytomegalovirus,
toxoplasmosis, chicken pox or herpes
What complications/conditions can prior use of an IUD cause during pregnancy? -
answerAnemia due to excess menstruation; scarring
of the uterine lining which predisposes to ectopic pregnancy, irregular implantation of
the placenta and third stage hemorrhage.
Which vitamin might a woman who previously used oral contraceptives be deficient in? -
answerFolic acid.
What complication should be ruled out if there is chronic brown bleeding? -
answerMolar pregnancy
What condition might fatigue combined with dizziness or nausea beyond the first
trimester indicate? - answerAnemia
What are the dangers of maternal diabetes during pregnancy? - answerFetal demise
after 36 weeks; 5x the normal incidence of
of fetal abnormalities; increased polyhydramnios; 30-50% higher incidence of
preeclampsia; increased incidence of prematurity and newborn respiratory difficulties.
Scarring of the uterine lining predisposes a woman to what three things? -
answerEctopic pregnancy, irregular implantation of the placenta and third-stage
hemorrhage. Scarring can be caused by a previous IUD, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
and Endometriosis
What are the classic symptoms of ectopic pregnancy and what is the window of
rupture? - answerBleeding or spotting accompanied by nonrhythmic pain, as well as
pelvic pain.Pain becomes severe with rupture and may be referred to the shoulder
area.The window of rupture is 10-13 weeks GA
When during pregnancy is a fetus' risk of vertical transmission of toxoplasmosis the
greatest? - answerThe risk of being infected rises as the pregnancy progresses
although the severity is the greatest if contracted within the first trimester
What might you suspect if your patient reports painful vaginal sores paired with flu like
malaise? - answerAn initial outbreak of herpes. If suspected
immediately do a visual inspection and take cultures. The cervix should always be
cultured because herpes at this cite can be asymptomatic.
What is the standard care for women who have active herpes lesions at the onset of
labor? - answerA c-section is performed because neonatal infection can cause central
nervous system damage or death.
,What are the dangers of thyroid disease during pregnancy? - answerThyroid medication
has the potential for causing severe fetal complications. Hyperthyroidism can cause
miscarriage, premature labor and fetal anomalies. Untreated hyperthyroidism can lead
to cretinism in the newborn.
What are the dangers of active tuberculosis during pregnancy? - answerSlightly higher
risk of miscarriage and
premature labor
What are the dangers of chronic lung disease during pregnancy? - answerThe mother is
at risk for pulmonary complications and the baby for fetal acidosis and hypoxia
What are the dangers of severe asthma during pregnancy? - answerRespiratory
infections and stress may intensify attacks.
Cardiopulmonary function could be reduced, affecting fetal growth and well
being.Certain medications used to treat asthma are contraindicated in pregnancy.
What are the dangers of epilepsy during pregnancy? - answerAnticonvulsant drugs may
cause folic acid deficiency
which when treated with folic acid may cause seizures. The infant may develop
deficiently of coagulation factors.
What are the dangers of severe anemia during pregnancy? - answerMaternal infection,
prolonged labor, hemorrhage, intrauterine growth restriction and hypoxia during labor
What are the dangers of congenital heart disease during pregnancy? - answerThe
increased blood volume and weight
in pregnancy put strain on the impaired heart
What are the dangers of and signs of renal disease during pregnancy? -
answerDangers: Acute renal failureSigns: Protein in the urine, hypertension, edema and
elevated blood urea all before the 20th week GA.
What are the dangers of extreme obesity during pregnancy? - answerNearly two thirds
of extremely obese woman have
obstetrical complications including diabetes, hypertension, pyelonephritis, uterine
dysfunction and hemorrhage.
What are the dangers of tobacco use during pregnancy? - answerIntrauterine growth
restriction, miscarriage, congenital heart disease, fetal hypoxia in labor, and sudden
infant death syndrome
What are the dangers of malnutrition during pregnancy? - answerIUGR, preeclampsia,
maternal or fetal
infection, stillbirth and dysfunctional labor.
, What are the dangers of drug abuse during pregnancy? - answerIUGR, fetal hypoxia,
respiratory distress syndrome, maternal malnutrition, infection, preeclampsia,
dysfunctional labor and hemorrhage.
What are the dangers of moderate to heavy alcohol use during pregnancy? -
answerFetal alcohol syndrome with a 50% chance of mental retardation, 30% chance of
anomaly, impaired eyesight, behavioral problems or stillbirth.
What are the dangers of heavy caffeine use during pregnancy? - answerFetal
malformations, heart defects and reproductive problems. (Heavy caffeine use defined
as an excess of 10 cups per day of moderately strong coffee, black tea, cola or other
caffeinated beverages.)
How is EDD calculated? - answerUsing Naegele's Rule.Count back three months and
add one week to the first day of last normal menstruation.
What is the average weight gain during pregnancy? - answerOne pound per week
What might a finding of protein in the urine indicate? - answerAfter 26 weeks anything
over a trace of protein
may indicate preeclampsia although protein is also
correlated with certain vaginal infections. Findings of protein require a clean catch
sample to rule out contamination from vaginal discharge.
What might a finding of glucose in the urine indicate? - answerGlucose in the urine is
usually diet related but
women with persistent positive readings in the first or second trimester may have an
underlying diabetic condition
What might a finding of blood or nitrates in the urine indicate? - answerBlood and
nitrates are suggestive of
urinary tract infections. Findings of blood require a clean catch sample to rule out
contamination from vaginal discharge.
What would a finding of ketones in the urine indicate? - answerInadequate food intake
or dehydration
What is being measured in the systolic and diastolic readings of blood pressure? -
answerSystolic - The pressure in the arteries when the
blood is actively pumping
Diastolic - The pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest
What is considered normal blood pressure during pregnancy? - answerNormal - 90/50
to 140/90
What are the risks of cesarean section? - answer Life-threatening sepsis, perforation of
adjacent organs, scarring of the uterine lining that can lead to abnormal placental
implantation and hemorrhage with subsequent childbearing, and development of
adhesions between the uterus and other organs that can cause problems later
Painless bleeding with intercourse is the prime symptom of _______ - answer Fibroids.
These tend to grow during pregnancy and are
benign.If they are internal they can cause reduced intrauterine space, disrupted
placental implantation and postpartum hemorrhage
What are some urgent warning signs of preeclampsia? - answer Persistent headaches
in combination with visual
disturbances or epigastric (upper abdominal) pain - especially on the right side.
What problems might a woman who has had a cone biopsy encounter? -
answerScarring from cone biopsy may retard
cervical dilation.
What precautions might a midwife want to take with her patient who has a history of
LEEP procedure? - answerBecause LEEP has been linked to incompetent cervix
and premature labor, some midwives feel that they should check their patient for
cervical changes throughout pregnancy and that the patient should be carefully
instructed regarding signs of premature labor.
What time period does assessment become especially important in the pregnant
woman? - answerDuring the last six weeks of pregnancy.At this point the midwife can
identify certain factors regarding the baby's position, growth rate and size and relate
them to the mother's condition.
What components should a midwife include in prenatal care? - answerKnowledge of
nutrition, exercise, non allopathic
healing options of herbology or homeopathy and mind and body integration techniques
like yoga and meditation.
What conditions/diseases contraindicate home birth? - answerPreexisting diabetes or
hypertension, thyroid disease
(hyperthyroidism), chronic lung disease, severe asthma, epilepsy, clotting disorders,
congenital heart disease (grades 2-4) and kidney disease
Which conditions arising in pregnancy
contraindicate home birth? - answerRh- with antibodies, severe anemia unresponsive
,to treatment, cancer and acute viral infections such as rubella, cytomegalovirus,
toxoplasmosis, chicken pox or herpes
What complications/conditions can prior use of an IUD cause during pregnancy? -
answerAnemia due to excess menstruation; scarring
of the uterine lining which predisposes to ectopic pregnancy, irregular implantation of
the placenta and third stage hemorrhage.
Which vitamin might a woman who previously used oral contraceptives be deficient in? -
answerFolic acid.
What complication should be ruled out if there is chronic brown bleeding? -
answerMolar pregnancy
What condition might fatigue combined with dizziness or nausea beyond the first
trimester indicate? - answerAnemia
What are the dangers of maternal diabetes during pregnancy? - answerFetal demise
after 36 weeks; 5x the normal incidence of
of fetal abnormalities; increased polyhydramnios; 30-50% higher incidence of
preeclampsia; increased incidence of prematurity and newborn respiratory difficulties.
Scarring of the uterine lining predisposes a woman to what three things? -
answerEctopic pregnancy, irregular implantation of the placenta and third-stage
hemorrhage. Scarring can be caused by a previous IUD, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
and Endometriosis
What are the classic symptoms of ectopic pregnancy and what is the window of
rupture? - answerBleeding or spotting accompanied by nonrhythmic pain, as well as
pelvic pain.Pain becomes severe with rupture and may be referred to the shoulder
area.The window of rupture is 10-13 weeks GA
When during pregnancy is a fetus' risk of vertical transmission of toxoplasmosis the
greatest? - answerThe risk of being infected rises as the pregnancy progresses
although the severity is the greatest if contracted within the first trimester
What might you suspect if your patient reports painful vaginal sores paired with flu like
malaise? - answerAn initial outbreak of herpes. If suspected
immediately do a visual inspection and take cultures. The cervix should always be
cultured because herpes at this cite can be asymptomatic.
What is the standard care for women who have active herpes lesions at the onset of
labor? - answerA c-section is performed because neonatal infection can cause central
nervous system damage or death.
,What are the dangers of thyroid disease during pregnancy? - answerThyroid medication
has the potential for causing severe fetal complications. Hyperthyroidism can cause
miscarriage, premature labor and fetal anomalies. Untreated hyperthyroidism can lead
to cretinism in the newborn.
What are the dangers of active tuberculosis during pregnancy? - answerSlightly higher
risk of miscarriage and
premature labor
What are the dangers of chronic lung disease during pregnancy? - answerThe mother is
at risk for pulmonary complications and the baby for fetal acidosis and hypoxia
What are the dangers of severe asthma during pregnancy? - answerRespiratory
infections and stress may intensify attacks.
Cardiopulmonary function could be reduced, affecting fetal growth and well
being.Certain medications used to treat asthma are contraindicated in pregnancy.
What are the dangers of epilepsy during pregnancy? - answerAnticonvulsant drugs may
cause folic acid deficiency
which when treated with folic acid may cause seizures. The infant may develop
deficiently of coagulation factors.
What are the dangers of severe anemia during pregnancy? - answerMaternal infection,
prolonged labor, hemorrhage, intrauterine growth restriction and hypoxia during labor
What are the dangers of congenital heart disease during pregnancy? - answerThe
increased blood volume and weight
in pregnancy put strain on the impaired heart
What are the dangers of and signs of renal disease during pregnancy? -
answerDangers: Acute renal failureSigns: Protein in the urine, hypertension, edema and
elevated blood urea all before the 20th week GA.
What are the dangers of extreme obesity during pregnancy? - answerNearly two thirds
of extremely obese woman have
obstetrical complications including diabetes, hypertension, pyelonephritis, uterine
dysfunction and hemorrhage.
What are the dangers of tobacco use during pregnancy? - answerIntrauterine growth
restriction, miscarriage, congenital heart disease, fetal hypoxia in labor, and sudden
infant death syndrome
What are the dangers of malnutrition during pregnancy? - answerIUGR, preeclampsia,
maternal or fetal
infection, stillbirth and dysfunctional labor.
, What are the dangers of drug abuse during pregnancy? - answerIUGR, fetal hypoxia,
respiratory distress syndrome, maternal malnutrition, infection, preeclampsia,
dysfunctional labor and hemorrhage.
What are the dangers of moderate to heavy alcohol use during pregnancy? -
answerFetal alcohol syndrome with a 50% chance of mental retardation, 30% chance of
anomaly, impaired eyesight, behavioral problems or stillbirth.
What are the dangers of heavy caffeine use during pregnancy? - answerFetal
malformations, heart defects and reproductive problems. (Heavy caffeine use defined
as an excess of 10 cups per day of moderately strong coffee, black tea, cola or other
caffeinated beverages.)
How is EDD calculated? - answerUsing Naegele's Rule.Count back three months and
add one week to the first day of last normal menstruation.
What is the average weight gain during pregnancy? - answerOne pound per week
What might a finding of protein in the urine indicate? - answerAfter 26 weeks anything
over a trace of protein
may indicate preeclampsia although protein is also
correlated with certain vaginal infections. Findings of protein require a clean catch
sample to rule out contamination from vaginal discharge.
What might a finding of glucose in the urine indicate? - answerGlucose in the urine is
usually diet related but
women with persistent positive readings in the first or second trimester may have an
underlying diabetic condition
What might a finding of blood or nitrates in the urine indicate? - answerBlood and
nitrates are suggestive of
urinary tract infections. Findings of blood require a clean catch sample to rule out
contamination from vaginal discharge.
What would a finding of ketones in the urine indicate? - answerInadequate food intake
or dehydration
What is being measured in the systolic and diastolic readings of blood pressure? -
answerSystolic - The pressure in the arteries when the
blood is actively pumping
Diastolic - The pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest
What is considered normal blood pressure during pregnancy? - answerNormal - 90/50
to 140/90
