BIOS 242 EXAMINATION 2026 VERIFIED
ANSWER COMPENDIUM
◉Oxidation. Answer: loss of electrons
◉Reduction. Answer: gain of electrons
◉NAD and FAD. Answer: are electron carriers (coenzyme carriers)
◉constitutive enzymes. Answer: always present, always produced in
equal amounts or at equal rates, regardless of the amount of
substrate
◉Regulated enzymes. Answer: not constantly present; production is
turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) in response to
changes in the substrate concentration
◉Competitive inhibition. Answer: A molecule that resembles the
substrate occupies the active site, preventing the substrate from
binding
Enzyme cannot act on the inhibitor and is effectively shut down
, ◉enzymatic repression. Answer: represses at the genetic (DNA)
level to stop enzyme production, and therefore, activity
◉Denaturation. Answer: A process in which a protein unravels,
losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by
changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature. Also
refers to the separation of the two strands of the DNA double helix,
caused by similar factors.
◉noncompetitive inhibitor. Answer: A substance that reduces the
activity of an enzyme without entering an active site. By binding
elsewhere on the enzyme, a noncompetitive inhibitor changes the
shape of the enzyme so that the active site no longer effectively
catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product.
◉NAD. Answer: Most common electron carrier
Carries hydrogens and electrons from dehydrogenation reactions
◉aerobic metabolism. Answer: The cellular process in which oxygen
is used to metabolize glucose. Energy is produced in an efficient
manner with minimal waste products.
◉anaerobic metabolism. Answer: The cellular process in which
glucose is metabolized into energy without oxygen. Energy is
produced in an inefficient manner with many waste products.
ANSWER COMPENDIUM
◉Oxidation. Answer: loss of electrons
◉Reduction. Answer: gain of electrons
◉NAD and FAD. Answer: are electron carriers (coenzyme carriers)
◉constitutive enzymes. Answer: always present, always produced in
equal amounts or at equal rates, regardless of the amount of
substrate
◉Regulated enzymes. Answer: not constantly present; production is
turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) in response to
changes in the substrate concentration
◉Competitive inhibition. Answer: A molecule that resembles the
substrate occupies the active site, preventing the substrate from
binding
Enzyme cannot act on the inhibitor and is effectively shut down
, ◉enzymatic repression. Answer: represses at the genetic (DNA)
level to stop enzyme production, and therefore, activity
◉Denaturation. Answer: A process in which a protein unravels,
losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by
changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature. Also
refers to the separation of the two strands of the DNA double helix,
caused by similar factors.
◉noncompetitive inhibitor. Answer: A substance that reduces the
activity of an enzyme without entering an active site. By binding
elsewhere on the enzyme, a noncompetitive inhibitor changes the
shape of the enzyme so that the active site no longer effectively
catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product.
◉NAD. Answer: Most common electron carrier
Carries hydrogens and electrons from dehydrogenation reactions
◉aerobic metabolism. Answer: The cellular process in which oxygen
is used to metabolize glucose. Energy is produced in an efficient
manner with minimal waste products.
◉anaerobic metabolism. Answer: The cellular process in which
glucose is metabolized into energy without oxygen. Energy is
produced in an inefficient manner with many waste products.
