Grammar
Kommaregeln:
- Aufzählungen -> Beispiel: I bought apples, oranges, and bananas. (Oxford Comma
optional)
- Vor Konjunktionen in zusammengesetzten Sätzen (and, but, or, so, yet, for, nor) ->
Beispiel: She was tired, but she kept working.
- Nach einleitenden Wörtern oder Phrasen -> Beispiel: After the meeting, we went for
lunch.
- Einschübe und Nebensätze -> Beispiel: My brother, who lives in New York, is visiting
us.
- Vor direkten Anreden -> Beispiel: Let's eat, Grandma!
- Bei nicht notwendigen Relativsätzen -> Beispiel: My car, which is red, is parked
outside. (defining)
- Zwischen zwei Adjektiven, wenn sie gleichrangig sind -> Beispiel: It was a long,
difficult journey.
- Bei direkter Rede -> Beispiel: He said, "I’ll be there soon."
If – clauses:
1. Possible and likely, if + simple present, main clause: will future
2. Possible but unlikely, if + simple past, main clause: would + infinitive
3. Impossible to happen because it happened in the past, if + past perfect, main clause:
would have + past perfect
Synonyme:
- To show -> to display, to present, to expose, to demonstrate, to point out, to
illustrate, to give an idea of, to make clear
- To be about -> to relate to, to deal with, to apply to, to be connected to, to refer to, to
touch on, to address to, to address to, to talk about
- To say -> to claim, to address, to state, to remark, to suggest, to announce, to affirm,
to refer to, to declare, to express, to convey, to reveal
Vocabulary to describe atmosphere:
- Bleak: kahl
- Stifling: erdrückend
- Ominous: bedrohlich
- Hostile: feindselig
- Convivial: gesellig
- Congenial: sympathisch
- derisive: verachtend
Words of literature:
- point of view: Erzählperspektive
- narrator, plot, setting, atmosphere
- omniscient: allwissend, limited
- first-person narrator
- climax: Höhepunkt, turning point: Wendepunkt, rising action: Steigerung
- to convey: vermitteln
, - tension, suspense: Spannung
- flashback, foreshadowing
- to identify with
- protagonist, antagonist
- round character: mehrdimensionaler Charakter, flat character: eindimensionaler
Charakter
- stereotype, charactertrait
Stylistic devices:
- Hypophora: stated question is immediately answered -> involving the reader
- Inversion: Change of the usual word order
- Paradox: self-contradictory statement
- Parataxis or Hypotaxis: short or long sentences -> expressing haste or stressing the
complexity of something
- Praeteritio: pretending to not talk about something -> catching attention
- Simile: Comparison -> creating an image of something
- Anaphora: same words at the beginning of a sentence -> melodic, stressing
something
- Assonance: Same vowels -> melodic, memorable
- Aposiopesis: … -> creating tension, feelings
- Allusion: referring to a literary work -> creating an image of something
- Dysphemism: rude description of something -> revealing emotions
- Epiphora: same words at the end of a sentence -> stressing something
- Hyperbole: Overstatement -> stressing something
Linking Words:
- Aufzählung: Moreover, Furthermore, in addition to, besides, not only… but also, as
well as, finally, eventually, to begin with, next, lastly, to conclude, on top of that, more
importantly
- Gegensatz: Yet, however, on the one other hand, on the other hand, on the contrary,
in contrast, in spite of, despite, although/though, but, whereas, nevertheless,
nonetheless
- Bedingung: if, unless, provided that, in case of
- Folge: because, since, so consequently, as a result, therefore, thus, due to,
accordingly, hence
- Vergleich: both, in comparison with, in the same way, likewise, similarly, similar to,
equally, as well as, as…as, the same is true for, likewise, just as/like,
- Beispiel: for example, for instance, in other words, such as, namely, including, that is
- Themeneinführung: Many people seem to think, it has often been said, for the
majority of people, as a general statement, literally this statement means, most
people would agree that
- Fakten ausdrücken: the fact is that, it cannot be denied that, it goes without saying
that, it is obvious that, the fact of the matter is
- Vermutungen ausdrücken: it may be the case, it seems as if, apparently, it seems
highly likely
- Zustimmung ausdrücken: she rightly mentions that, this statement is very convincing,
it is only partly true that, however, this statement entirely contradicts
, - Schlussfolgerung: as a consequence, the logical result is, for that reason, that is why,
as a result, to put it in a nutshell, therefore, in conclusion
Text types:
Email:
- Start with greeting the reader, introduction sentence about why are you writing
them, introduction of the text, Greeting at the end too
- For who do you write the article?, language needs to match the reader
- Summarize the text according to the task
Blog/article:
- For who do you write the article?, language needs to match the reader
- Headline, First sentence to catch the readers attention linked to the task (rhetorical
question, quote, fact), introduction of the text
- Summarize the text according to the task
Analysis/Explain/Examine:
- Stylistic devices, intended effect on other characters or the reader, Point, Example,
Effect
- Formal language, no short forms, text references
- Present tense
- Introduction: address the question, Introduce the text, thesis statement
Comment:
- Only own opinion, Point, Example, Effect
- First sentence to catch the readers attention linked to the task (rhetorical question,
quote, fact), introduction of the text
- Formal language, no short forms
- Arrangement of the arguments (Sanduhr, Ping-Pong, gelistet), weakest to strongest
Discussion/asses/evaluate:
- Pro and contra, Point, Example, Effect
- First sentence to catch the readers attention linked to the task (rhetorical question,
quote, fact), introduction of the text
- Formal language, no short forms
- Arrangement of the arguments (Sanduhr, Ping-Pong, gelistet), weakest to strongest
- Topic sentence for each argument
Comparison/contrast:
- Similarities and differences of two things
Kommaregeln:
- Aufzählungen -> Beispiel: I bought apples, oranges, and bananas. (Oxford Comma
optional)
- Vor Konjunktionen in zusammengesetzten Sätzen (and, but, or, so, yet, for, nor) ->
Beispiel: She was tired, but she kept working.
- Nach einleitenden Wörtern oder Phrasen -> Beispiel: After the meeting, we went for
lunch.
- Einschübe und Nebensätze -> Beispiel: My brother, who lives in New York, is visiting
us.
- Vor direkten Anreden -> Beispiel: Let's eat, Grandma!
- Bei nicht notwendigen Relativsätzen -> Beispiel: My car, which is red, is parked
outside. (defining)
- Zwischen zwei Adjektiven, wenn sie gleichrangig sind -> Beispiel: It was a long,
difficult journey.
- Bei direkter Rede -> Beispiel: He said, "I’ll be there soon."
If – clauses:
1. Possible and likely, if + simple present, main clause: will future
2. Possible but unlikely, if + simple past, main clause: would + infinitive
3. Impossible to happen because it happened in the past, if + past perfect, main clause:
would have + past perfect
Synonyme:
- To show -> to display, to present, to expose, to demonstrate, to point out, to
illustrate, to give an idea of, to make clear
- To be about -> to relate to, to deal with, to apply to, to be connected to, to refer to, to
touch on, to address to, to address to, to talk about
- To say -> to claim, to address, to state, to remark, to suggest, to announce, to affirm,
to refer to, to declare, to express, to convey, to reveal
Vocabulary to describe atmosphere:
- Bleak: kahl
- Stifling: erdrückend
- Ominous: bedrohlich
- Hostile: feindselig
- Convivial: gesellig
- Congenial: sympathisch
- derisive: verachtend
Words of literature:
- point of view: Erzählperspektive
- narrator, plot, setting, atmosphere
- omniscient: allwissend, limited
- first-person narrator
- climax: Höhepunkt, turning point: Wendepunkt, rising action: Steigerung
- to convey: vermitteln
, - tension, suspense: Spannung
- flashback, foreshadowing
- to identify with
- protagonist, antagonist
- round character: mehrdimensionaler Charakter, flat character: eindimensionaler
Charakter
- stereotype, charactertrait
Stylistic devices:
- Hypophora: stated question is immediately answered -> involving the reader
- Inversion: Change of the usual word order
- Paradox: self-contradictory statement
- Parataxis or Hypotaxis: short or long sentences -> expressing haste or stressing the
complexity of something
- Praeteritio: pretending to not talk about something -> catching attention
- Simile: Comparison -> creating an image of something
- Anaphora: same words at the beginning of a sentence -> melodic, stressing
something
- Assonance: Same vowels -> melodic, memorable
- Aposiopesis: … -> creating tension, feelings
- Allusion: referring to a literary work -> creating an image of something
- Dysphemism: rude description of something -> revealing emotions
- Epiphora: same words at the end of a sentence -> stressing something
- Hyperbole: Overstatement -> stressing something
Linking Words:
- Aufzählung: Moreover, Furthermore, in addition to, besides, not only… but also, as
well as, finally, eventually, to begin with, next, lastly, to conclude, on top of that, more
importantly
- Gegensatz: Yet, however, on the one other hand, on the other hand, on the contrary,
in contrast, in spite of, despite, although/though, but, whereas, nevertheless,
nonetheless
- Bedingung: if, unless, provided that, in case of
- Folge: because, since, so consequently, as a result, therefore, thus, due to,
accordingly, hence
- Vergleich: both, in comparison with, in the same way, likewise, similarly, similar to,
equally, as well as, as…as, the same is true for, likewise, just as/like,
- Beispiel: for example, for instance, in other words, such as, namely, including, that is
- Themeneinführung: Many people seem to think, it has often been said, for the
majority of people, as a general statement, literally this statement means, most
people would agree that
- Fakten ausdrücken: the fact is that, it cannot be denied that, it goes without saying
that, it is obvious that, the fact of the matter is
- Vermutungen ausdrücken: it may be the case, it seems as if, apparently, it seems
highly likely
- Zustimmung ausdrücken: she rightly mentions that, this statement is very convincing,
it is only partly true that, however, this statement entirely contradicts
, - Schlussfolgerung: as a consequence, the logical result is, for that reason, that is why,
as a result, to put it in a nutshell, therefore, in conclusion
Text types:
Email:
- Start with greeting the reader, introduction sentence about why are you writing
them, introduction of the text, Greeting at the end too
- For who do you write the article?, language needs to match the reader
- Summarize the text according to the task
Blog/article:
- For who do you write the article?, language needs to match the reader
- Headline, First sentence to catch the readers attention linked to the task (rhetorical
question, quote, fact), introduction of the text
- Summarize the text according to the task
Analysis/Explain/Examine:
- Stylistic devices, intended effect on other characters or the reader, Point, Example,
Effect
- Formal language, no short forms, text references
- Present tense
- Introduction: address the question, Introduce the text, thesis statement
Comment:
- Only own opinion, Point, Example, Effect
- First sentence to catch the readers attention linked to the task (rhetorical question,
quote, fact), introduction of the text
- Formal language, no short forms
- Arrangement of the arguments (Sanduhr, Ping-Pong, gelistet), weakest to strongest
Discussion/asses/evaluate:
- Pro and contra, Point, Example, Effect
- First sentence to catch the readers attention linked to the task (rhetorical question,
quote, fact), introduction of the text
- Formal language, no short forms
- Arrangement of the arguments (Sanduhr, Ping-Pong, gelistet), weakest to strongest
- Topic sentence for each argument
Comparison/contrast:
- Similarities and differences of two things
