BIO 2301 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE 2026
FULLY SOLVED QUESTION SET
◉Active transport. Answer: - Requires the use of carries to move the
molecules from low to high concentration (against the concentration
gradient)
- Requires ATP energy
- Example: Na/K pump
◉Secondary active transport/coupled transport. Answer: - Energy
needed to move molecules across their concentration gradient is
acquired by moving sodium back into the cell
- Since sodium was originally pumped out of the cell using ATP, it is
considered active transport
- Cotransport: molecules move in with sodium (common with
glucose)
- Countertransport: molecules move the opposite direction of
sodium
,◉Membrane behavior and vesicle formation. Answer: - The cell
membrane is not a static structure
- It can be subtracted from (when vesicles form off of it)
- It can be added to (when vesicles fuse with it)
◉Endocytosis. Answer: - Substances are taken into the cell
- 3 types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor mediated cytosis
◉Phagocytosis. Answer: - Where large particles (like bacteria) are
engulfed by some cells
- AKA "cell eating"
- Only done by certain cells = some white blood cells and
macrophages
- Whatever is taken in by this method is placed in a vesicle
◉Pinocytosis. Answer: - Where extracellular fluid and dissolved
solutes are taken into the cell
- Routine activity of all cells
- AKA "cell drinking"
- Whatever is taken in by this method is placed in a vesicle
,◉Receptor mediated endocytosis. Answer: - Allows the cell to take
in a specific solute because that solute must bind to receptors on the
cell membrane before it is engulfed
◉Exocytosis. Answer: The way some substances exit the cell
◉Factors that influence rate of diffucion. Answer: - Magnitude of
concentration difference (larger difference = faster diffusion)
- Mass of solute (heavier = slower, lighter = faster)
- Solubility
- Temperature of solution (colder = slower, warmer = faster)
- Surface area of the membrane (less = slower, more = faster)
◉Nervous system. Answer: Involved in communication and control
◉Neuron (nerve cell). Answer: - The main cell and the functional
unit of the nervous system
- Allows for the communication and control by nerve impulses - aka
action potentials
- Have a cell body (which contain organelles), many dendrites (the
receptive regions of the neuron), and a single axon (the area of the
neuron that generates and propagates the action potential)
, - At the end of the axon there are many telodendria (branches) and
at the end of each telodendria there is a axonal terminal (aka
bouton)
- Neurotransmitters are chemicals found in the axonal terminals
◉Somatic nervous system. Answer: Controls skeletal muscle and is
under voluntary control
◉Autonomic nervous system. Answer: - Controls smooth muscle,
cardiac muscle, and glands
- Involuntary control
- Two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic
◉Sympathetic nervous system. Answer: Fight or flight
◉Parasympathetic nervous system. Answer: Rest and digest
◉Action Potentials. Answer: - Nerve impulses
- Messages in the nervous system - the way neurons communicate
- Electrical events so they involve the flow of ions (Na and K) into
and out of the axon
- Generated at the axon hillock (beginning of the axon)
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE 2026
FULLY SOLVED QUESTION SET
◉Active transport. Answer: - Requires the use of carries to move the
molecules from low to high concentration (against the concentration
gradient)
- Requires ATP energy
- Example: Na/K pump
◉Secondary active transport/coupled transport. Answer: - Energy
needed to move molecules across their concentration gradient is
acquired by moving sodium back into the cell
- Since sodium was originally pumped out of the cell using ATP, it is
considered active transport
- Cotransport: molecules move in with sodium (common with
glucose)
- Countertransport: molecules move the opposite direction of
sodium
,◉Membrane behavior and vesicle formation. Answer: - The cell
membrane is not a static structure
- It can be subtracted from (when vesicles form off of it)
- It can be added to (when vesicles fuse with it)
◉Endocytosis. Answer: - Substances are taken into the cell
- 3 types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor mediated cytosis
◉Phagocytosis. Answer: - Where large particles (like bacteria) are
engulfed by some cells
- AKA "cell eating"
- Only done by certain cells = some white blood cells and
macrophages
- Whatever is taken in by this method is placed in a vesicle
◉Pinocytosis. Answer: - Where extracellular fluid and dissolved
solutes are taken into the cell
- Routine activity of all cells
- AKA "cell drinking"
- Whatever is taken in by this method is placed in a vesicle
,◉Receptor mediated endocytosis. Answer: - Allows the cell to take
in a specific solute because that solute must bind to receptors on the
cell membrane before it is engulfed
◉Exocytosis. Answer: The way some substances exit the cell
◉Factors that influence rate of diffucion. Answer: - Magnitude of
concentration difference (larger difference = faster diffusion)
- Mass of solute (heavier = slower, lighter = faster)
- Solubility
- Temperature of solution (colder = slower, warmer = faster)
- Surface area of the membrane (less = slower, more = faster)
◉Nervous system. Answer: Involved in communication and control
◉Neuron (nerve cell). Answer: - The main cell and the functional
unit of the nervous system
- Allows for the communication and control by nerve impulses - aka
action potentials
- Have a cell body (which contain organelles), many dendrites (the
receptive regions of the neuron), and a single axon (the area of the
neuron that generates and propagates the action potential)
, - At the end of the axon there are many telodendria (branches) and
at the end of each telodendria there is a axonal terminal (aka
bouton)
- Neurotransmitters are chemicals found in the axonal terminals
◉Somatic nervous system. Answer: Controls skeletal muscle and is
under voluntary control
◉Autonomic nervous system. Answer: - Controls smooth muscle,
cardiac muscle, and glands
- Involuntary control
- Two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic
◉Sympathetic nervous system. Answer: Fight or flight
◉Parasympathetic nervous system. Answer: Rest and digest
◉Action Potentials. Answer: - Nerve impulses
- Messages in the nervous system - the way neurons communicate
- Electrical events so they involve the flow of ions (Na and K) into
and out of the axon
- Generated at the axon hillock (beginning of the axon)
