BIO 2301 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY ADVANCED
PREP PACK 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
◉Roles of the pyramidal system in the premotor cortex. Answer:
Plans movements, language control (where Broca's Area is located)
◉Roles of the pyramidal system in the primary cortex. Answer:
Controls fine movements, especially involving lips, tongue, throat,
fingers, and hand
◉Roles of the pyramidal system in the pyramidal/corticospinal
tract. Answer: Sends info from motor cortex through the spinal cord
◉Roles of the pyramidal system in the lower motor neuron. Answer:
The neurons that take the information to the muscle
◉Integrated motor control. Answer: Premotor cortex and primary
motor cortex initiate the messages on movement -> info travels
down the corticospinal/pyramidal tract through the spinal cord and
then out the spinal cord through the lower motor neurons to the
muscle -> sensory feedback from proprioceptors that travles from
the muscle back up through the spinal cord to the cerebellum and
,basal ganglia where the new info is used to fine tune movement and
produce any new motor signals to get movement done
◉Lesions within the motor systems. Answer: If there is a lesion in an
upper motor neuron (brain or descending pathways like the
pyramidal or extrapyramidal tracts), then the person would
experience motor tone, spasticity, rigidity, and increased reflexes
◉Romberg test. Answer: - Used to detect a problem with balance
- Positive test means there are balance problems
- When a person tests positive, you need to assess the whole person
to find out where their actual problem is (eyes, vestibular apparatus,
or proprioreceptors)
- The cerebellum needs info from at least 2/3 of the sensory info to
maintain balance
- If there is an issue with the cerebellum itself, a Romberg test
cannot be performed; the person would fall over once they close
their eyes
◉Nervous system and endocrin system as an integrated
communication system. Answer:
◉Endocrine glands. Answer: - No ducts
- Secrete hormones into the blood
, - Examples: thyroid gland, ovaries, testes, pituitary gland
◉Exocrine glands. Answer: - Use a duct to secrete substances onto
the body surface or into a body cavity
◉Hormones. Answer: - Secreted into the blood by an endocrine
gland
- Carried by the blood to a distant site where they exert their action
- The target cell is the cell that the hormone effects and that cell has
receptors for that hormoned
- Examples: thyroid hormone, estrogen, growth hormone
◉Paracrine secretions. Answer: - Exert their effects on cells near
their secretion site
- Examples: nerve growth factor, platelet derived growth factor, and
nitric oxide
◉Autocrin secretions. Answer: - Secreted into the extracellular fluid
and act on the cell that secreted it
- Example: prostaglandins
◉Amino acid based hormones. Answer: - Made up of amino acids
- Can be large or small
PREP PACK 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
◉Roles of the pyramidal system in the premotor cortex. Answer:
Plans movements, language control (where Broca's Area is located)
◉Roles of the pyramidal system in the primary cortex. Answer:
Controls fine movements, especially involving lips, tongue, throat,
fingers, and hand
◉Roles of the pyramidal system in the pyramidal/corticospinal
tract. Answer: Sends info from motor cortex through the spinal cord
◉Roles of the pyramidal system in the lower motor neuron. Answer:
The neurons that take the information to the muscle
◉Integrated motor control. Answer: Premotor cortex and primary
motor cortex initiate the messages on movement -> info travels
down the corticospinal/pyramidal tract through the spinal cord and
then out the spinal cord through the lower motor neurons to the
muscle -> sensory feedback from proprioceptors that travles from
the muscle back up through the spinal cord to the cerebellum and
,basal ganglia where the new info is used to fine tune movement and
produce any new motor signals to get movement done
◉Lesions within the motor systems. Answer: If there is a lesion in an
upper motor neuron (brain or descending pathways like the
pyramidal or extrapyramidal tracts), then the person would
experience motor tone, spasticity, rigidity, and increased reflexes
◉Romberg test. Answer: - Used to detect a problem with balance
- Positive test means there are balance problems
- When a person tests positive, you need to assess the whole person
to find out where their actual problem is (eyes, vestibular apparatus,
or proprioreceptors)
- The cerebellum needs info from at least 2/3 of the sensory info to
maintain balance
- If there is an issue with the cerebellum itself, a Romberg test
cannot be performed; the person would fall over once they close
their eyes
◉Nervous system and endocrin system as an integrated
communication system. Answer:
◉Endocrine glands. Answer: - No ducts
- Secrete hormones into the blood
, - Examples: thyroid gland, ovaries, testes, pituitary gland
◉Exocrine glands. Answer: - Use a duct to secrete substances onto
the body surface or into a body cavity
◉Hormones. Answer: - Secreted into the blood by an endocrine
gland
- Carried by the blood to a distant site where they exert their action
- The target cell is the cell that the hormone effects and that cell has
receptors for that hormoned
- Examples: thyroid hormone, estrogen, growth hormone
◉Paracrine secretions. Answer: - Exert their effects on cells near
their secretion site
- Examples: nerve growth factor, platelet derived growth factor, and
nitric oxide
◉Autocrin secretions. Answer: - Secreted into the extracellular fluid
and act on the cell that secreted it
- Example: prostaglandins
◉Amino acid based hormones. Answer: - Made up of amino acids
- Can be large or small
