PN2004 - health promotion final Exam
and All Actual Answers 2025/2026
Updated.
programmed (predictable cell death), errors (random), calorie restriction (cal reduction
increases life span) - Answer biological theories of aging
aging is the result of predictable cellular death; 3 theories: 1. immunity theory 2.
neuroendocrine control theory 3. gene theory - Answer programmed theories of aging
aging is a programmed accumulation of decline in function of immune system resulting from
oxidative stress - Answer immunity theory of aging
aging is a programmed decline in functioning of nervous, endocrine, immune systems; cells lose
abililty to reproduce - Answer neuroendocrine theory of aging
longevity associated with genetic trait; "juvenescent" = youthful vigor/mature adult well-being;
"senescent" = functional decline/structural deterioration - Answer gene theory of aging
aging is a result of accumulation of random errors in the synthesis of cellular DNA and RNA; 3
theories: 1. oxidative 2. cross-linkage 3. wear and tear - Answer errors theories of aging
free radical theory; errors are a result of random damage from free radicals - Answer
oxidative stress theory
aging is product of accumulated damage from errors associated with stiffened cross-linked
proteins - Answer cross-linkage theory
cell errors result of deterioration over time due to overuse - Answer wear and tear theory
In animal models, calorie restriction increased the life span and the health of animals - Answer
calorie restriction theory
1. activity theory 2. disengagment theory 3. role theory 4. continuity theory 5. age stratification
theory 6. subculture theory - Answer 6 sociological theories of aging
continued activity is an indicator of successful aging - Answer activity theory
, during aging, individual slowly withdraws from former roles and activities - Answer
disengagement theory
ability of individual to adapt to changing roles - Answer role theory
personality remains consistent; personality influences role activity and life satisfaction - Answer
continuity theory
relationship between age as an element of social structure; aging people as one cohort - Answer
age stratification theory
older people have their own norms, habits, beliefs; interact better among peers than with other
age groups - Answer subculture theory
1. Eriksons 2. Pecks 3. Havighurst 4. Tornstams - Answer 4 developmental theories of aging
8 stages - Answer Eriksons developmental theory of aging
expanded on Eriksons theory; ego differentiation v role preoccupation; body transcendence v
body preoccupation, ego transcendence v ego preoccupation - Answer Pecks developmental
theory of aging
specific tasks associated with aging - Answer Havighursts theory of aging
geotranscendence; final stage in a natural process moving towards wisdom and maturity -
Answer Tornstams theory of development
1. functional consequences theory (positive or negative functional consequences) 2. theory of
successful aging (higher levels of physical health contribute to deeper spirituality) 3. theory of
thriving (harmony between individuals and their environment) - Answer 3 nursing theories
of aging
1. get to know family better 2. opportunity to resolve past conflict/hurts 3. payback for care
recieved 4. satisfaction in caring for family 5. family bonds/working together 6. gift of time -
Answer 6 benefits of caregiving for family members
1. physical/psychological burden 2. poor health habits 3. impact on work 4. financial burden 5.
finding time for themselves 6. family conflict - Answer 6 disadvantages of caregiving for
family members
and All Actual Answers 2025/2026
Updated.
programmed (predictable cell death), errors (random), calorie restriction (cal reduction
increases life span) - Answer biological theories of aging
aging is the result of predictable cellular death; 3 theories: 1. immunity theory 2.
neuroendocrine control theory 3. gene theory - Answer programmed theories of aging
aging is a programmed accumulation of decline in function of immune system resulting from
oxidative stress - Answer immunity theory of aging
aging is a programmed decline in functioning of nervous, endocrine, immune systems; cells lose
abililty to reproduce - Answer neuroendocrine theory of aging
longevity associated with genetic trait; "juvenescent" = youthful vigor/mature adult well-being;
"senescent" = functional decline/structural deterioration - Answer gene theory of aging
aging is a result of accumulation of random errors in the synthesis of cellular DNA and RNA; 3
theories: 1. oxidative 2. cross-linkage 3. wear and tear - Answer errors theories of aging
free radical theory; errors are a result of random damage from free radicals - Answer
oxidative stress theory
aging is product of accumulated damage from errors associated with stiffened cross-linked
proteins - Answer cross-linkage theory
cell errors result of deterioration over time due to overuse - Answer wear and tear theory
In animal models, calorie restriction increased the life span and the health of animals - Answer
calorie restriction theory
1. activity theory 2. disengagment theory 3. role theory 4. continuity theory 5. age stratification
theory 6. subculture theory - Answer 6 sociological theories of aging
continued activity is an indicator of successful aging - Answer activity theory
, during aging, individual slowly withdraws from former roles and activities - Answer
disengagement theory
ability of individual to adapt to changing roles - Answer role theory
personality remains consistent; personality influences role activity and life satisfaction - Answer
continuity theory
relationship between age as an element of social structure; aging people as one cohort - Answer
age stratification theory
older people have their own norms, habits, beliefs; interact better among peers than with other
age groups - Answer subculture theory
1. Eriksons 2. Pecks 3. Havighurst 4. Tornstams - Answer 4 developmental theories of aging
8 stages - Answer Eriksons developmental theory of aging
expanded on Eriksons theory; ego differentiation v role preoccupation; body transcendence v
body preoccupation, ego transcendence v ego preoccupation - Answer Pecks developmental
theory of aging
specific tasks associated with aging - Answer Havighursts theory of aging
geotranscendence; final stage in a natural process moving towards wisdom and maturity -
Answer Tornstams theory of development
1. functional consequences theory (positive or negative functional consequences) 2. theory of
successful aging (higher levels of physical health contribute to deeper spirituality) 3. theory of
thriving (harmony between individuals and their environment) - Answer 3 nursing theories
of aging
1. get to know family better 2. opportunity to resolve past conflict/hurts 3. payback for care
recieved 4. satisfaction in caring for family 5. family bonds/working together 6. gift of time -
Answer 6 benefits of caregiving for family members
1. physical/psychological burden 2. poor health habits 3. impact on work 4. financial burden 5.
finding time for themselves 6. family conflict - Answer 6 disadvantages of caregiving for
family members
